Even though the variable states it is an integer, it can store values like A0 when dealing with the analog pins.

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1 Things to know: Words are key sensitive; they are uppercase or lowercase for a reason, and there cannot be any spaces in names of things. If a name has two words in it, capitalize the first letter of the second word. Ex: example one would be instead written as exampleone. Arduinos can only output so much current in one pin, and across all pins, and only about a max of 5V. Use transistors to activate circuits with higher power needs. Pot values go from , while PWM values go from Sticking all the code in the setup and not the loop means it runs the code just once. Useful when working with buzzers and you don t want to listen to some tune constantly. ALWAYS have a diode with a motor Even though the variable states it is an integer, it can store values like A0 when dealing with the analog pins. Section 1. Declarations: Here, you make default values for variables. Variables are formatted as: int example = 13; int starts the variable and says that it is an integer (must be between the values of -32,768 and 32,767), example is the name of the variable, 13 is the value of the variable, and a ; ends the line of code. When making new variables, there data type MUST be ID d. You can manipulate integer values in variables with: int variableexample = variableex * 1.30; The integer value of variableexample stores the value of variableex multiplied by 1.30 (+ - * / can be used). If you have a value that will not change at all throughout the entire sketch, make the variable a constant (for better organization and to avoid accidents): const int exampletwo = 42; const makes the variable int exampletwo a constant, and unchangeable. Efforts to change it will not work and would likely create an error message. Include the servo library and make an object with: #include <Servo.h> Servo myservo; #include includes the library of <Servo.h>. Servo creates a servo object of myservo. NOTE: only 8 servo objects can be made.

2 Include the external file of musical notes with: #include pitches.h #include includes pitches.h which is a big array of note names assigned to the numerical value outputted to a speaker/buzzer to make that particular note. Make arrays with: int arrayexample[value] = { NOTE_G3, NOTE_C4, NOTE_A3 ; int is the data type of the array called arrayexample, though it can be char (characters), float (decimals and negatives), etc. value is the length of the array. Leaving it blank means there is no fixed limit to the array length. Note that it is zero indexed, and that storing characters requires 2 more allowed to-be-stored characters than are there (to allow for quotations, though they are not counted in actual indexing). Using an array value is as simple as: serial.printin(examplearray[2]); serial.printin() is an example use, and examplearray[] refers to the array value indexed 2 for use. Section 2. Setup (void): Here, the pins on the Arduino are configured. Digital pins need to be set as OUTPUT or UNPUT, the analog input pins are input only, so need no setup, PWM are digital pins that can simulate analog values, power pins are self explanatory. (5V outputs 5V, 3.3V outputs 3.3V, etc.). All setup code goes between: void setup() { // setup code goes here Format (digital) pins using pin mode setup: pinmode(example, OUTPUT); pinmode tells it the Arduino that it will configure a pin, example is the pin number you want to configure, and OUTPUT is what it expects to do with data for that pin (receive it [INPUT] or send it [OUTPUT]) You can see input data from the Arduino on a computer using the serial monitor. To tell the Arduino that it will be sending data, use the following bit: Serial.begin(9600) Serial.begin() initializes serial communication, 9600 is the number of bits per second that it sends. Keep it at You will need some code in the loop to tell the Arduino what it is sending. Set a pin to controlling a servo with: myservo.attach(9);

3 myservo is the name of the servo object,.attach() attaches the servo object to pin value of what is in the brackets (in this case 5 ) Section 3. Loop (void): This is where things with the Arduino happen. Values are send from the pins in the form of different voltages. Digital pins send 0V or 5V, while analog can send everything in-between. Digital pins output a voltage with: digitalwrite(example, HIGH); digitalwrite will write a digital value, example is the pin it is sending the output value to, and HIGH is the volt value (5V LOW would be 0V) Output an analog value (between 0 and 255) [through a PWM digital pin]: analogwrite(pinnumber, analogvalue); analogwrite will write an analog value, pinnumber is the pin number that analogvalue is outputted to. Take and store analog values with: example = analogread(pinnumber); store the sensor value in the variable example (have variable set in declarations), analogread take the analog reading from pinnumber. Take and store digital values with: int example = digitalread(pinnumber); In the integer variable labelled example, the 0/1 value coming from pinnumber is stored. Convert a maximum and minimum value to new maximum and minimum (remapping values): remappedvariable = map(potvalue, 0, 1023, 0, 255) map takes the value from potvalue, and scales it from (first set of numbers) to (second set of numbers). The new value is stored in remappedvariable. You can do the same thing by setting remappedvariable as potvalue divided by four. Create a specific delay in the loop with: delay(1000);

4 delay creates a delay in milliseconds (equal to one second in this case) Make a if statement to check for certain conditions: if (example == [condition]) { [execute code here] else { [execute other code here] similar to the PHP version. if starts the condition statement, == is the evaluator/comparator (can be >, <, >=, etc.) and "[condition]" is the number that the variable is compared to. Usually a variable. The [executes code here] get executed. You can add a second condition with OR between the two conditions. else is the thing that executes if the if statement is false. Make a loop that executes within pre-defined boundaries with for loops: for(int example = 0; example <= 255; example +=5) { [loop code here] The variable example is EXCLUSIVE to the loop. If the variable in question WAS DECLARED though, then the variable IS UPDATED in the loop and exists outside of the loop. for starts the function, int example = 0; defines the variable and its initial value, example <= 255; is the parameters this loop works in (<= can be any of the other comparators) and example +=5 is how to get to the next loop iteration (means: add to itself, 5. Can be any other operation). example = 0 runs once. NOTE: Finding the new loop iteration if increasing by 1 can be expressed with "example++ as well. Send data to the serial monitor (NEEDS TO BE INITIALIZED IN SETUP FIRST): Serial.print(); Serial.print() sends what is in the brackets to the serial monitor. If text, text goes in quotations in the brackets. If a variable, just the variable name in the brackets: Serial.print( example text ); OR Serial.print(variableExample). Keep different datatypes separate. ** \t send with the text makes it tab. Serial.printIn(); Same thing as the regular Serial.print() but all subsequent data starts on the next line. Like hitting enter at the end this data value. NOTE, add a small delay between readings for data stability. Values may vary depending on the sensor taking readings. Send positional data to servos with: myservo.write(pos); delay(15);

5 myservo is the name of the servo object, and pos is the variable value given to the servo. Values must be from (the object is written the value of x.) Do note that because the servo library is included, values do not have to be the PWM value range. Servos go to the position of their value (takes a signal, and moves to it) the delay is to let the servo get to its position before getting another input. Send a function of a note with: tone(8, melody[2], noteduration); tone is the function that sends to pin 8 the value of melody[2] for noteduration milliseconds. NOTE: this can be sent along a digital pin if the notes are predefined and sent like a song piece thing. Values DO NOT need to be remapped. Use a PWM when a changing value (ex: pot) is used to send a value to the buzzer. The value from the sensor should be remapped to the desired tone range. Stop the note playing by turning off the pin with: notone(8); notone turns off pin 8 and therefore stops the note.