Discovering Signal and Data Processing/Analysis Through Satellite Communications
|
|
- Shannon Hamilton
- 7 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Discovering Signal and Data Processing/Analysis Through Satellite Communications Dr. Christopher Kitts Robotic Systems Laboratory Santa Clara University, Santa Clara, CA, USA IEEE Senior Member Courtesy Santa Clara University 1 Courtesy NASA
2 Overview Uses, Benefits and Challenges of Spacecraft Space System Functions and Technologies Communications and Data Handling Exploring Spacecraft Signals and Data Analysis 2
3 How We Use Spacecraft Spacecraft perform functions that benefit people in the form of commercial products, governmental services and socially beneficial knowledge Typical spacecraft applications include: Communications: satellites are used to broadcast and relay TV, radio, internet and phone conversations 3 The EchoStar XIV is a Direct Broadcast Satellite that broadcasts television signals, which are received by simple ground antenna systems. (Courtesy Space Systems Loral)
4 How We Use Spacecraft Photography: satellites are used to take photos of the Earth to monitor weather, the health of crops, damage from disasters, and the location of enemies Navigation: satellites are used to provide signals to GPS receivers in order to calculate location on the Earth The GOES satellite takes imagery of large scale weather systems. (Courtesy NOAA) GPS spacecraft transmit signals to receivers on the ground. The receivers use signals from multiple GPS satellites to compute their position. 4
5 How We Use Spacecraft Science: satellites are used to observe remote galaxies and to explore The Hubble Telescope takes photographs the planets in our solar of distant galaxies and astronomical phenomenon. (Courtesy NASA) system Tourism: spaceships are beginning to be used to take humans into space for tourism; this is a relatively new application for space Spaceships such as Spaceship One are being developed to take ordinary people into space as tourists. (Courtesy NASA) 5
6 Benefits of Using Spacecraft Many products and services are created without the use of a spacecraft. So, why are satellite-based systems sometimes the best approach? Global view: From space, large regions of Earth can be seen. This makes it possible broadcast signals across large areas (for navigation and communications) and to monitor large-scale events (like photographing storm systems). 6 From space, entire continents, oceans, and hemispheres can be simultaneously seen. (Courtesy NASA)
7 Benefits of Using Spacecraft Above Earth s atmosphere: Satellites can observe astronomical objects without having to look through the Earth s atmosphere. Because the atmosphere distorts and attenuates light and radio signals, this means that satellites are able to produce higher quality images of planets and galaxies. The atmosphere distorts and removes energy from electromagnetic signals (light, radio, etc.) that are used to observe objects in space. (Courtesy NASA) 7
8 Benefits of Using Spacecraft Space environmental characteristics: The space environment offers microgravity conditions, higher levels of radiation that on Earth, and other characteristics that may be advantageous for the product or service we want to offer. Microgravity is an example of a condition in space that leads to different behaviors in materials and biological systems than those we experience on Earth. This can be useful for studying fundamental phenomena. It can also be useful for applications such as creating new materials. (Courtesy NASA) 8
9 Benefits of Using Spacecraft In situspace characterization and exploration: In order to perform certain types of science, equipment must be placed at the location of interest. This allows a space system to directly measure conditions and interact with objects in the environment of interest. Space-rated rovers are used to explore the surface of Mars. By being located on the planets surface, they can do more than take photos from a distance. For example, the rovers use a tool to chip away at rocks and to study the geology and chemistry of the planet. (Courtesy NASA) 9
10 Challenges of Using Spacecraft There are many challenges that spacecraft must address and which may make it too difficult or costly to use spacecraft for some applications. Challenges include: The space environment: Microgravity, radiation, vacuum conditions, the lack of convection, the outgassingof materials and many other conditions can make designing spacecraft a challenge. In microgravity, objects don t settle into a stable resting position like they do on Earth. (Courtesy NASA) 10
11 Challenges of Using Spacecraft The need for infrastructure: Spacecraft are remotely operating vehicles that must provide their own infrastructure services that we often take for granted. For example, they must generate and store their own power. They must control their own positioning and pointing. They must communicate with us over long distances. And so on. The International Space Station s purpose is to host astronauts in order to perform experiments in space. But to do this, the Station must generate its own power using giant solar arrays, move itself using thrusters, communicate with Earth using large antenna, etc. (Courtesy NASA) 11
12 Challenges of Using Spacecraft Orbital Motion: Most spacecraft orbit the Earth, which means that they are constantly moving in ellipse that has the Earth at one of its foci. As they move, the Earth rotates underneath the spacecraft s path. This complicates their operation, such as often requiring antennae to be continuously realigned in order to provide communications between the spacecraft and ground. This map shows the instantaneous location of several spacecraft above their Earth, and the regions on the Earth for which they have line of sight visibility. Over time, the satellites move with respect to the Earth s surface. This means that the regions of Earth that they can see and the locations of communication stations with which they can communicate will change over time. (Courtesy Santa Clara Univ.) 12
13 Overview Uses, Benefits and Challenges of Spacecraft Space System Functions and Technologies Communications and Data Handling Exploring Spacecraft Signals and Data Analysis 13
14 Space Systems Space systems include everything required to use a satellite for producing a service The satellite itself The launch vehicle that puts it in orbit The communication stations on the ground that are used to relay information to/from the satellite The mission control center where operators command and monitor the satellite Any devices directly used by customers to process satellite broadcasts 14
15 Space System Example Satellite Launch system Orbit Satellite A direct broadcast television satellite in orbit, broadcasting shows to subscribers on Earth User Receiver Television Service Communication Station Control Center 15
16 Satellite System The satellite is often divided into two sections: the payload and the bus Payload: The payload is the component or instrument that is used to create the satellite service. For example: For a photographic satellite, the payload is the camera and lens For a communication satellite, the payload is the multi-channel broadcast system 16 This large mirror is part of the telescope payload in the Hubble Telescope spacecraft. (Courtesy NASA.)
17 Satellite System Bus: The bus includes all of the other subsystems that provide infrastructure services for the payload. These include: Power generation and storage Pointing sensing and control Wireless communications Computation and processing Thermal sensing and control Structural housing and protection This satellite has large solar panels to generate power. Antennae on the bottom side of the satellite are used for wireless communication with the Earth. (Courtesy USAF Research Laboratory) 17
18 Overview Uses, Benefits and Challenges of Spacecraft Space System Functions and Technologies Communications and Data Handling Exploring Spacecraft Signals and Data Analysis 18
19 Communications & Data Handling To operate a spacecraft, information must be routinely transferred to/from the satellite and the ground The information we want to transfer (commands, telemetry, data products, voice) is usually in the form of (relatively) low frequency digital or analog signals Microwave frequency radio waves are generally used to wirelessly transmit this data. During transmission, these waves suffer from noise injection, attenuation and distortion Therefore, the information must be processed and converted in order to prepare it for robust wireless transfer. Once received, it must be converted back to its original form 19
20 Information To Be Transferred 1. Commands Sent from operators on ground to the satellite Digital words (pre-arranged strings of bits: 1 s and 0 s) with specific rules for creating and interpreting the strings in order to specify specific actions Examples of commands include Turn on the payload Switch from Battery A to Battery B Set the Frequency to the Following Value 20
21 Information To Be Transferred 2. Telemetry Sent from the satellite to operators on ground Analog and digital values that convey information about the satellite and which are analyzed to ensure that the satellite is operating properly. Examples of telemetry data includes Battery Voltage Payload Current Computer Temperature 21
22 Information To Be Transferred 3. Data Products Sent from the satellite to users on the ground (sometime via the control center) These are the files or streams of information that constitute the products or services provided by the space system. Examples of data products include: Photographic files (for photographic satellites), Television broadcasts or phone conversations (for communication satellites), Files of experimental data (for scientific satellites) 22
23 Information To Be Transferred 4. Voice Conversations Sent between astronauts on space ships/stations and humans on the ground These are audio conversation streams Examples of voice conversations include: Conversations between astronauts and operators in the mission control center using NASA communications channels Conversations between astronauts and amateur radio operators using HAM radio equipment 23
24 Radio Frequency Communications Electromagnetic (E&M) waves travel ~3x10 8 m/sec Radio uses E&M waves in microwave range (MHz-GHz) Although several propagation modes exist, we are interested in direct line-of-sight wave travel Advantage far more efficient to use radio frequencies to transmit data over long distance Our information is generally at a much lower frequency Drawbacks - the signal will be corrupted as it travels: Atmospheric energy attenuation, wave rotation, etc. Noise from the sun, aurora, lightning, magnetic storms, etc. Interference by objects: reflections, diffraction, multipath, etc. 24
25 The Conversion Process We must convert our information to radio waves in order to allow for wireless transmission. This is done through a combination of: Communications functions/equipment: these focus on aspects of converting the information signals to/from radio waves and wirelessly directing/receiving those waves Data handling functions/equipment: these focus on efficiently pre-processing and packaging the information into a data stream that can be fed into the communications equipment for transmission (and postprocessing and un-packaging data that has been received by communications equipment) 25
26 The Conversion Process Communications equipment/functions: Transmitter: Modulates the (relatively) low frequency information with a higher frequency radio signal Amplifier: Amplifies the signal so that they are powerful enough to be properly received Antenna: Transforms the signal from electrical form to a wave that wirelessly travels through space. In addition, the shape of the antenna can focus the wave in order to concentrate its power in a specific direction. Antenna pointing system: Points the antenna so that the wave is directed to the location of the receiver 26
27 The Conversion Process Data Handling equipment/functions: Digitization: analog signals are converted to digital signals so that they can be processed by computers Signal Encoding: a policy is adopted to represent digital information with specific voltage levels Error Encoding: digital signals are processed so that any corruptions (bit-flips) can be identified and possibly fixed Multiplexing : Information from several sources is placed into a specific sequence for serial transmission Packetization: Information is grouped together into packets for modular transmission Encryption: information is rearranged and processed based on a password so that it is hard to determine the content 27
28 Communication and Data Handling Functions A communications and data handling system relays information from one point to another. In Standard Form Noise Attenuation Distortion Info Convert To Converted Converted Convert Form Info At Info At Back to Location A Suitable Wirelessly Location B its For Wireless Relay Standard Transfer Information Form Info In Standard Form Conversion Functions: Digitize Encode Multiplex Packetize Encrypt Transmission & Reception Functions: Modulation Amplification Electrical-Wave Conversion Focusing of radio energy Pointing of radio energy 28 Deconversion Functions: Decrypt De-packetize De-multiples Decode Calibrate
29 Overview Uses, Benefits and Challenges of Spacecraft Space System Functions and Technologies Communications and Data Handling Exploring Spacecraft Signals and Data Analysis 29
30 Lab Exercises In this hands-on series of laboratory exercises, you will develop a simple but fully functional communication system that can receive signals from spacecraft. This series of exercises will focus on the Communications elements of the system The Data Handling elements of the system will be explored in a future set of laboratory exercises 30
31 Amateur Radio You will use amateur radio (HAM radio) communication standards and will only receive broadcasts (you will not be transmitting). These standards are simple and will make it easier to understand the functions being performed The necessary equipment is inexpensive and some parts can be made by hand You will not need a license to do these exercises 31
32 Amateur Radio Spacecraft There are many spacecraft that broadcast amateur radio signals that you can receive Astronauts on the International Space Station use HAM radio to talk to students around the world Universities often use HAM radios for their science or test spacecraft HAM radio organizations build and launch their own satellites for disaster relief communications and to support their hobby 32
33 Amateur Radio Communications and Data Handling Equipment Typical HAM equipment for receiving satellite broadcasts includes: Antenna: concentrates radio wave energy and converts wave into an electrical signal Pointing system: points the antenna to the satellite Receiver: demodulates radio signals into audio frequency signals Modem: demodulates audio frequency signals into digital information Computer: performs most data handling functions Satellite signal Antenna Receiver Modem Audio Computer Processed Data Pointing System 33
34 Amateur Radio Communications and Data Handling Equipment Regarding the different types of information (commands, telemetry, data products, voice): This is a receive-only system from the satellite, so there are no commands Voice communications (which is audio) can be heard directly from the receiver, which has a speaker Voice Antenna Receiver Modem Computer Audio Voice Pointing System Processed Data 34
35 Amateur Radio Communications and Data Handling Equipment Regarding the different types of information (commands, telemetry, data products, voice): Telemetry and data products are digital information. This data is demodulated in 2 steps. The first step converts radio frequency signals to audio frequency signals. These signals can be heard using the receiver s speaker. A modem and computer are used to further process these signals so that they can be understood by a human operator. Telemetry Data Products Antenna Receiver Modem Audio Computer Telemetry Data Products Pointing System Audio Tones at Discrete Frequencies 35
36 Amateur Radio Communications and Data Handling Equipment For the current set of laboratory exercises, you will focus on the first portion of a receive station: You will be able to hear voice broadcasts. You will also be able to hear the discrete audio tones produced by digital telemetry and data broadcasts, but you will not yet be able to decode this information A future set of laboratory exercises will focus on the data handling back end of the station. Voice, Telemetry, Data Products Satellite signal Antenna Receiver Audio Voice, and Audio Tones at Discrete Frequencies Pointing System 36
37 Amateur Radio Communications and Data Handling Equipment Antenna: You will build or use a pre-made Yagi antenna which is appropriate for the UHF radio signals that you will receive Voice, Telemetry, Data Products Satellite signal Antenna Pointing System Receiver Audio Voice, and Audio Tones at Discrete Frequencies 37
38 Amateur Radio Communications and Data Handling Equipment Pointing System: You can handpoint your antenna, or you can build your own manual pointing platform for better results Voice, Telemetry, Data Products Satellite signal Antenna Pointing System Receiver Audio Voice, and Audio Tones at Discrete Frequencies 38
39 Amateur Radio Communications and Data Handling Equipment Pointing System: To find out where to point the antenna, you can use free/shareware software that will compute pointing angles for you Voice, Telemetry, Data Products Satellite signal Antenna Pointing System Receiver Audio Voice, and Audio Tones at Discrete Frequencies 39
40 Amateur Radio Communications and Data Handling Equipment Receiver: You can use an inexpensive handheld HAM radio receiver to tune into broadcasts Voice, Telemetry, Data Products Satellite signal Antenna Pointing System Receiver Audio Voice, and Audio Tones at Discrete Frequencies 40
41 Summary Spacecraft provide a wide range of services that benefit society A spacecraft s location in space provides several benefits for providing certain services, but it also leads to several challenges Space systems include the spacecraft, the launch systems used to place the spacecraft into orbit, and the ground equipment used to communicate with and control the spacecraft 41
42 Summary Communications and Data Handling systems are used to relay information between the spacecraft and people on the ground Communications functions include modulation, amplification, converting electrical signals to radio waves, and focusing/pointing the radio waves Data Handling functions include digitizing analog data, encoding the data, multiplexing/packetizing the data, and possibly encrypting the data 42
43 Summary In the upcoming laboratory exercises, you will receive amateur radio broadcasts from spacecraft in orbit You will focus on the communication system aspects of your receive station Future laboratory exercises will allow you to explore data handling functions 43
1. Introduction. FER-Zagreb, Satellite communication systems 2011/12
1. Introduction Topics History Characteristics of satellite communications Frequencies Application 1 History Arthur C. Clark suggested in 1945. Earth coverage with 3 geostationary satellites. On 4th of
More informationSatellite Telemetry, Tracking and Control Subsystems
Satellite Telemetry, Tracking and Control Subsystems Col John E. Keesee 1 Overview The telemetry, tracking and control subsystem provides vital communication to and from the spacecraft TT&C is the only
More informationQuest- 1 Satellite Functional Description
Quest- 1 Satellite Functional Description Overview The Quest- 1 Satellite is based on the CubeSat Standard that measures 10 cm x 10 cm x 10 cm and weighs less than 1.33 kilograms. The Quest- 1 Satellite
More informationSatellite technology
Satellite technology Overview What is a satellite? The key elements of orbital position Satellite manufacturers and design The components of a satellite: payload and bus Digital versus analogue How do
More informationEnvironmental Monitoring: Guide to Selecting Wireless Communication Solutions
Environmental Monitoring: Guide to Selecting Wireless Communication Solutions By: Scott South Published in WaterWorld, January 2005 (Page 48) Rapidly growing demands for information and increased productivity
More informationWireless Medical Telemetry Laboratory
Wireless Medical Telemetry Laboratory 0 Introduction The development of wireless medical telemetry has become an increasingly popular application in recent years. As the elderly population continues to
More informationApplication Note Receiving HF Signals with a USRP Device Ettus Research
Application Note Receiving HF Signals with a USRP Device Ettus Research Introduction The electromagnetic (EM) spectrum between 3 and 30 MHz is commonly referred to as the HF band. Due to the propagation
More informationDT3: RF On/Off Remote Control Technology. Rodney Singleton Joe Larsen Luis Garcia Rafael Ocampo Mike Moulton Eric Hatch
DT3: RF On/Off Remote Control Technology Rodney Singleton Joe Larsen Luis Garcia Rafael Ocampo Mike Moulton Eric Hatch Agenda Radio Frequency Overview Frequency Selection Signals Methods Modulation Methods
More informationAM TRANSMITTERS & RECEIVERS
Reading 30 Ron Bertrand VK2DQ http://www.radioelectronicschool.com AM TRANSMITTERS & RECEIVERS Revision: our definition of amplitude modulation. Amplitude modulation is when the modulating audio is combined
More informationBASICS OF C & Ku BAND TRANSMISSIONS & LNBs
Page 1 of 6 BASICS OF C & Ku BAND TRANSMISSIONS & LNBs A satellite broadcasts a few watts of microwave signals from the geostationary orbit 36,000 kilometers above the earth. The transmissions are also
More informationSignal directionality Lower frequency signals are omnidirectional Higher frequency signals can be focused in a directional beam
Transmission Media Transmission medium Physical path between transmitter and receiver May be guided (wired) or unguided (wireless) Communication achieved by using em waves Characteristics and quality of
More informationComputers Are Your Future. 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Computers Are Your Future 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc. Computers Are Your Future Chapter 3 Wired and Wireless Communication 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc Slide 2 What You Will Learn... ü The definition of bandwidth
More informationINTRODUCTION TO COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS AND TRANSMISSION MEDIA
COMM.ENG INTRODUCTION TO COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS AND TRANSMISSION MEDIA 9/6/2014 LECTURES 1 Objectives To give a background on Communication system components and channels (media) A distinction between analogue
More informationA long time ago, people looked
Supercool Space Tools! By Linda Hermans-Killam A long time ago, people looked into the dark night sky and wondered about the stars, meteors, comets and planets they saw. The only tools they had to study
More informationData Transmission. Data Communications Model. CSE 3461 / 5461: Computer Networking & Internet Technologies. Presentation B
CSE 3461 / 5461: Computer Networking & Internet Technologies Data Transmission Presentation B Kannan Srinivasan 08/30/2012 Data Communications Model Figure 1.2 Studying Assignment: 3.1-3.4, 4.1 Presentation
More informationPersonal Broadband Networks, PBN (CE74024-3)
Faculty of Computing, Engineering & Technology Introduction to Radio Systems Personal Broadband Networks, PBN (CE74024-3) Alison L Griffiths C203 A.L.Griffiths@staffs.ac.uk www.soc.staffs.ac.uk/alg1 2004
More informationCOLLATED QUESTIONS: ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION
COLLATED QUESTIONS: ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION 2011(2): WAVES Doppler radar can determine the speed and direction of a moving car. Pulses of extremely high frequency radio waves are sent out in a narrow
More informationSTAAR Science Tutorial 30 TEK 8.8C: Electromagnetic Waves
Name: Teacher: Pd. Date: STAAR Science Tutorial 30 TEK 8.8C: Electromagnetic Waves TEK 8.8C: Explore how different wavelengths of the electromagnetic spectrum such as light and radio waves are used to
More informationBMS Digital Microwave Solutions for National Security & Defense
BMS Digital Microwave Solutions for National Security & Defense Broadcast Microwave Services, Inc. P.O. Box 84630 San Diego, CA 92138 Phone: +1.800.669.9667 Email: sales@bms-inc.com Web: www.bms-inc.com
More informationA science class experience that is out of this world. Robert Benkoczi, PhD Optimization Research Group University of Lethbridge
A science class experience that is out of this world Robert Benkoczi, PhD Optimization Research Group University of Lethbridge SWATCA 2015 Summary Optimization Research Group Funcube project and reception
More informationLecture 2 Outline. EE 179, Lecture 2, Handout #3. Information representation. Communication system block diagrams. Analog versus digital systems
Lecture 2 Outline EE 179, Lecture 2, Handout #3 Information representation Communication system block diagrams Analog versus digital systems Performance metrics Data rate limits Next lecture: signals and
More informationSatellite Communication Systems. mgr inż. Krzysztof Włostowski Instytut Telekomunikacji PW chrisk@tele.pw.edu.pl
Satellite Communication Systems mgr inż. Krzysztof Włostowski Instytut Telekomunikacji PW chrisk@tele.pw.edu.pl Satellite Communication Satellite Communication combines the missile and microwave technologies
More informationVehicle Tracking and Remote Data Acquisition System using Very High Frequency operated devices
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development e-issn: 2278-067X, p-issn: 2278-800X, www.ijerd.com Volume 11, Issue 05 (May 2015), PP.64-68 Vehicle Tracking and Remote Data Acquisition System
More informationSATELLITE COMMUNICATION
SATELLITE COMMUNICATION By Gaurish Kumar Tripathi. 1.0 INTRODUCTION: The use of satellite in communication system is very much a fact of everyday in life. This is evidence by the many homes, which are
More informationCommunication Satellite Systems Trends and Network Aspects
Communication Satellite Systems Trends and Network Aspects Paul Anderson Communication Architectures Department The Aerospace Corporation Paul.r.anderson@aero.org http://www.aero.org/ Lee Center, Caltech
More informationAntennas & Propagation. CS 6710 Spring 2010 Rajmohan Rajaraman
Antennas & Propagation CS 6710 Spring 2010 Rajmohan Rajaraman Introduction An antenna is an electrical conductor or system of conductors o Transmission - radiates electromagnetic energy into space o Reception
More informationGLOBAL COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING &TECHNOLOGY: YSR DIST. Unit VII Fiber Optics Engineering Physics
Introduction Fiber optics deals with the light propagation through thin glass fibers. Fiber optics plays an important role in the field of communication to transmit voice, television and digital data signals
More informationNDBC s Smart Module Applications
NDBC s Smart Module Applications National Data Buoy Center Stennis Space Center, MS. Rodney Riley INMARTECH 2014, Corvallis Oregon Smart Module History In 2008, started development to convert (dumb) analog
More informationDIRECT TO HOME TELEVISION (DTH)
DIRECT TO HOME TELEVISION (DTH) Today, most satellite TV customers in developed television markets get their programming through a direct broadcast satellite (DBS) provider, such as DISH TV or DTH platform.
More information8. Communications Subsystem
PM-1.1-03 Rev C 8. Communications Subsystem The GOES-NOP spacecraft communications subsystem provides requisite conditioning, transmission, reception, and routing of mission data signals and telemetry
More informationEECC694 - Shaaban. Transmission Channel
The Physical Layer: Data Transmission Basics Encode data as energy at the data (information) source and transmit the encoded energy using transmitter hardware: Possible Energy Forms: Electrical, light,
More informationVIETNAM ACADEMY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY VIETNAM NATIONAL SATELLITE CENTER CUBESAT PICO DRAGON. Presenter Name: Do Xuan Phong
VIETNAM ACADEMY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY VIETNAM NATIONAL SATELLITE CENTER CUBESAT PICO DRAGON Presenter Name: Do Xuan Phong Co-authors: Vu Viet Phuong, Truong Xuan Hung, Le Xuan Huy, Bui Nam Duong, Do
More informationCONSTRUCTING A CONSTELLATION OF 6U SOLAR POWER CUBE SATELLITES
CONSTRUCTING A CONSTELLATION OF 6U SOLAR POWER CUBE SATELLITES Authors: Corey Bergsrud 1, Jeremy Straub 2, Matthew Clausing 3, Johnathan McClure 1, and Sima Noghanian 1. 1 Department of Electrical Engineering,
More informationRECOMMENDATION ITU-R F.1113. (Question ITU-R 157/9) b) that systems using this mode of propagation are already in service for burst data transmission,
Rec. ITU-R F.1113 1 RECOMMENDATION ITU-R F.1113 RADIO SYSTEMS EMPLOYING METEOR-BURST PROPAGATION (Question ITU-R 157/9) (1994) Rec. ITU-R F.1113 The ITU Radiocommunication Assembly, considering a) that
More informationComputer Network and Communication
2 Computer Network and Communication 2.1 INTRODUCTION As we all know, the advances in Information technology revolutionized almost every aspect of our life. Education, industry, banking, researches and
More information2. What is the maximum value of each octet in an IP address? A. 128 B. 255 C. 256 D. None of the above
1. How many bits are in an IP address? A. 16 B. 32 C. 64 2. What is the maximum value of each octet in an IP address? A. 128 B. 255 C. 256 3. The network number plays what part in an IP address? A. It
More informationHow Do You Make a Weather Satellite?
NATIONAL OCEANIC AND ATMOSPHERIC ADMINISTRATION U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE How Do You Make a Weather Satellite? This booklet was adapted from the original work by Ed Koenig I'm a weather forecaster. I
More informationHow To Understand The Power Of An Freddi Tag (Rfid) System
Radio Frequency Identification Done by: Haitham Habli. Table of contents Definition of RFID. Do they need license? RFID vs other identification systems. Classification of RFID systems. Emerge of passive
More informationEE4367 Telecom. Switching & Transmission. Prof. Murat Torlak
Path Loss Radio Wave Propagation The wireless radio channel puts fundamental limitations to the performance of wireless communications systems Radio channels are extremely random, and are not easily analyzed
More informationfor Communication Systems Protection EMI CD-ROM INCLUDED
Krešimir Malarić EMI Protection for Communication Systems CD-ROM INCLUDED Contents Preface xiii CHAPTER 1 Communications Systems 1 1.1 Components of Communications Systems 1 1.2 Transmitter Systems 2 1.2.1
More informationCDMA TECHNOLOGY. Brief Working of CDMA
CDMA TECHNOLOGY History of CDMA The Cellular Challenge The world's first cellular networks were introduced in the early 1980s, using analog radio transmission technologies such as AMPS (Advanced Mobile
More informationLook at Our Galaxy. by Eve Beck. Space and Technology. Scott Foresman Reading Street 2.1.2
Suggested levels for Guided Reading, DRA, Lexile, and Reading Recovery are provided in the Pearson Scott Foresman Leveling Guide. Space and Technology Look at Our Galaxy Genre Expository nonfiction Comprehension
More informationRF Measurements Using a Modular Digitizer
RF Measurements Using a Modular Digitizer Modern modular digitizers, like the Spectrum M4i series PCIe digitizers, offer greater bandwidth and higher resolution at any given bandwidth than ever before.
More informationNanosat 4 Competition
Nanosat 4 Competition NMSUSat2 Team New Mexico State University College of Engineering Presented by Jeremy Bruggemann Topics Competition Overview Mission Overview Design Concept Tests and Analyses Hardware
More informationAM Radio Field Strength Measurements with Confidence November 2004
AM Radio Field Strength Measurements with Confidence November 2004 Understanding the AM Broadcast signal The AM Broadcast service in the United States and many other countries is implemented in 10 khz
More informationYerkes Summer Institute 2002
Before we begin our investigations into radio waves you should review the following material on your trip up to Yerkes. For some of you this will be a refresher, but others may want to spend more time
More information2. OVERVIEW OF COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS
2. OVERVIEW OF COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS A communication system is made up of devices that employ one of two communication methods (wireless or wired), different types of equipment (portable radios, mobile
More informationGermanium Diode AM Radio
Germanium Diode AM Radio LAB 3 3.1 Introduction In this laboratory exercise you will build a germanium diode based AM (Medium Wave) radio. Earliest radios used simple diode detector circuits. The diodes
More informationcommunication over wireless link handling mobile user who changes point of attachment to network
Wireless Networks Background: # wireless (mobile) phone subscribers now exceeds # wired phone subscribers! computer nets: laptops, palmtops, PDAs, Internet-enabled phone promise anytime untethered Internet
More informationSP1790JK 900MHz Wireless Indoor/Outdoor Speakers. User Manual INTRODUCTION FEATURES IMPORTANT SAFETY INFORMATION
SP1790JK 900MHz Wireless Indoor/Outdoor Speakers INTRODUCTION This 900 MHz digital hybrid wireless speaker system uses the latest wireless technology that enables you to enjoy music and TV sound anywhere
More informationWIRELESS SENSORS IN THERMAL PROTECTION SYSTEMS
WIRELESS SENSORS IN THERMAL PROTECTION SYSTEMS Greg Swanson (1), Tye Reid (2), Daren Berk (3), James Wagoner (4), David Atkinson (5) (1) University of Idaho, 1000 Park Ln. Eagle, ID 83616 U.S.A., E-mail:
More informationAN INTRODUCTION TO DIGITAL MODULATION
AN INTRODUCTION TO DIGITAL MODULATION This article provides readers a simple overview of the various popular methods used in modulating a digital signal. The relative merits of each of these modulation
More informationHomebuilt HF Radios for Use Underground Paul R. Jorgenson KE7HR
Homebuilt HF Radios for Use Underground Paul R. Jorgenson KE7HR With the good success in using Amateur Band HF radio for underground communications, I started looking for cheaper alternatives to the $500+
More informationFrom Single to Formation Flying CubeSats: An Update of the Delfi Programme
From Single to Formation Flying CubeSats: An Update of the Delfi Programme Jian Guo, Jasper Bouwmeester & Eberhard Gill 1 Outline Introduction Delfi-C 3 Mission Delfi-n3Xt Mission Lessons Learned DelFFi
More informationAN INTRODUCTION TO TELEMETRY PART 1: TELEMETRY BASICS
AN INTRODUCTION TO TELEMETRY PART 1: TELEMETRY BASICS Telemetry is defined as the sensing and measuring of information at some remote location and then transmitting that information to a central or host
More informationARTICLE. Sound in surveillance Adding audio to your IP video solution
ARTICLE Sound in surveillance Adding audio to your IP video solution Table of contents 1. First things first 4 2. Sound advice 4 3. Get closer 5 4. Back and forth 6 5. Get to it 7 Introduction Using audio
More informationRemote Access to Wireless Communications Systems Laboratory New Technology Approach
US-China Education Review A 10 (2012) 868-874 Earlier title: US-China Education Review, ISSN 1548-6613 D DAVID PUBLISHING Remote Access to Wireless Communications Systems Laboratory New Technology Approach
More informationMultiplexing on Wireline Telephone Systems
Multiplexing on Wireline Telephone Systems Isha Batra, Divya Raheja Information Technology, Dronacharya College of Engineering Farrukh Nagar, Gurgaon, India ABSTRACT- This Paper Outlines a research multiplexing
More informationUnit of Learning # 2 The Physical Layer. Redes de Datos Sergio Guíñez Molinos sguinez@utalca.cl 1-2009
Unit of Learning # 2 The Physical Layer Redes de Datos Sergio Guíñez Molinos sguinez@utalca.cl 1-2009 The Theoretical Basis for Data Communication Sergio Guíñez Molinos Redes de Computadores 2 The Theoretical
More informationData Transmission. Raj Jain. Professor of CIS. The Ohio State University. Columbus, OH 43210 Jain@ACM.Org http://www.cis.ohio-state.
Data Transmission Professor of CIS Columbus, OH 43210 Jain@ACM.Org http://www.cis.ohio-state.edu/~jain/ 2-1 Overview Time Domain and Frequency Domain Bit, Hertz Decibels Data vs Signal Attenuation, Delay
More informationELEMENTS OF CABLE TELEVISION
1 ELEMENTS OF CABLE TELEVISION Introduction Cable television, from its inception, developed in western countries into two separate systems called Master Antenna Television (MATV) and Community Cable Television
More informationIntroduction Ericsson Handheld Telephone 1341-B
Ericsson Handheld Telephone 1341-B 2 Contents General 5 The Mobile Telephone Network 6 Base Station and Cell 7 Radio Channels 7 Radio Coverage 8 Transmission Control and Communication 9 Quality Control
More informationEvolution of Satellite Communication Systems
Mathieu DERVIN Brussels, 6th May 2015 Brussels, May 2015 Agenda I. From Sputnik to wideband satellite services: The key technological evolutions II. Increase the satellite system capacity: A global system
More informationThe Development of Space Solar Power System Technologies
17 The Development of Space Solar Power System Technologies TAKANORI NARITA *1 TOSHIHIRO KAMIYA *1 KEIJI SUZUKI *1 KENICHI ANMA *2 MAYUKI NIITSU *3 NOBUHIKO FUKUDA *4 Mitsubishi Heavy Industries (MHI)
More informationAnalog vs. Digital Transmission
Analog vs. Digital Transmission Compare at two levels: 1. Data continuous (audio) vs. discrete (text) 2. Signaling continuously varying electromagnetic wave vs. sequence of voltage pulses. Also Transmission
More informationwww.aticourses.com Boost Your Skills with On-Site Courses Tailored to Your Needs
Boost Your Skills with On-Site Courses Tailored to Your Needs www.aticourses.com The Applied Technology Institute specializes in training programs for technical professionals. Our courses keep you current
More informationAttenuation (amplitude of the wave loses strength thereby the signal power) Refraction Reflection Shadowing Scattering Diffraction
Wireless Physical Layer Q1. Is it possible to transmit a digital signal, e.g., coded as square wave as used inside a computer, using radio transmission without any loss? Why? It is not possible to transmit
More informationCHAPTER 6 INSTRUMENTATION AND MEASUREMENTS 6.1 MEASUREMENTS
CHAPTER 6 INSTRUMENTATION AND MEASUREMENTS 6.1 MEASUREMENTS Atmospheric electricity is a field that is very easy to get into because it does not require a large capital investment for measuring equipment.
More informationEVOLUTION Thermal Imaging Camera Remote Wireless Video Receiver System
EVOLUTION Thermal Imaging Camera Remote Wireless Video Receiver System Instruction Manual DELUXE AND MINI RECEIVER KIT (RX) INSTRUCTIONS " WARNING THIS MANUAL MUST BE READ CAREFULLY BY ALL INDIVIDUALS
More informationT = 1 f. Phase. Measure of relative position in time within a single period of a signal For a periodic signal f(t), phase is fractional part t p
Data Transmission Concepts and terminology Transmission terminology Transmission from transmitter to receiver goes over some transmission medium using electromagnetic waves Guided media. Waves are guided
More informationInstructions for - Installation of Satellite Channels
ENGLISH Instructions for - Installation of Satellite Channels Updated: March 2011 Experience Reality AQUOS LCD-TVs Spring/Summer 2011 Page - 1 - LE820 - LE822 - LE814 - LE824 - LE914 - LE925 Contents:
More informationIndoor/Outdoor Color Camera with Built-in 2.4 GHz Wireless Transmitter, plus X10 controlled power supply, and Video Receiver.
Indoor/Outdoor Color Camera with Built-in 2.4 GHz Wireless Transmitter, plus X10 controlled power supply, and Video Receiver. OWNER'S MANUAL VR36A XC18A XM13A MODEL VK69A (INCLUDES XC18A CAMERA, XM13A
More informationChapter 5. Lesson 5.1 9/10/2012. EMS Communications. Phases and Roles of Communications
1 Chapter 5 EMS Communications 2 Lesson 5.1 Phases and Roles of Communications 3 1 Learning Objectives Outline the phases of communications that occur during typical emergency medical services (EMS) event.
More informationPrecision on earth. Reliability in space. RUAG Space.
Precision on earth. Reliability in space. RUAG Space. Image: ESA Precision on earth. Reliability in space. RUAG Space is the leading supplier of products for the space industry in Europe. Experience, outstanding
More informationTechnician Licensing Class
Technician Licensing Class Antennas Presented by Amateur Radio Technician Class Element 2 Course Presentation ELEMENT 2 SUB-ELEMENTS (Groupings) About Ham Radio Call Signs Control Mind the Rules Tech Frequencies
More informationSlot clouds. getting more from orbital slots with networking. Lloyd Wood. Global Defense and Space Group, Cisco Systems. http://www.cisco.
Slot clouds getting more from orbital slots with networking Lloyd Wood Global Defense and Space Group, Cisco Systems http://www.cisco.com/go/gdsg Alex da Silva Curiel, Javad Anzalchi, Dave Cooke, Chris
More informationAntenna Diversity in Wireless Local Area Network Devices
Antenna Diversity in Wireless Local Area Network Devices Frank M. Caimi, Ph.D. Kerry L. Greer Jason M. Hendler January 2002 Introduction Antenna diversity has been used in wireless communication systems
More informationWireless Technology. Network+ Exam Key Points. Network+
This sample chapter is for review purposes only. Copyright The Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. All rights reserved. 4 Wireless Technology After studying this chapter, you will be able to: Explain the principles
More informationHAM FOR HACKERS TAKE BACK THE AIRWAVES. JonM DEFCON 16
HAM FOR HACKERS TAKE BACK THE AIRWAVES JonM DEFCON 16 JonM Licensed Amateur Extra the highest class of license in the US Operating since 2000 Radio is just one of my hobbies software security consulting
More informationRadio Interface Setup
For getting started with Ham Radio Sound Card digital modes. Jeffrey Kopcak K8JTK Table of Contents Introduction... 3 Program versions... 3 Resources... 3 SignaLink... 3 Rigblaster... 3 Configuration...
More informationSatellite Communications
Satellite Communications Department of Electrical Engineering Faculty of Engineering Chiangmai University Origin of Satellite Communications Arthur C. Clark (1945) British Science fiction writer propose
More informationSynthetic Sensing: Proximity / Distance Sensors
Synthetic Sensing: Proximity / Distance Sensors MediaRobotics Lab, February 2010 Proximity detection is dependent on the object of interest. One size does not fit all For non-contact distance measurement,
More informationModern Wireless Communication
Modern Wireless Communication Simon Haykin, Michael Moher CH01-1 Chapter 1 Introduction CH01-2 1 Contents 1.1 Background 1.2 Communication Systems 1.3 Physical Layer 1.4 The Data-Link Layer 1.4.1 FDMA
More informationObjectives. Lecture 4. How do computers communicate? How do computers communicate? Local asynchronous communication. How do computers communicate?
Lecture 4 Continuation of transmission basics Chapter 3, pages 75-96 Dave Novak School of Business University of Vermont Objectives Line coding Modulation AM, FM, Phase Shift Multiplexing FDM, TDM, WDM
More informationAIAA-2004-5820 Distributed Operation of a Military Research Micro Satellite Using the Internet
AIAA-2004-5820 Distributed Operation of a Military Research Micro Satellite Using the Internet Chris Jackson * Surrey Satellite Technology Ltd., Guildford, England, GU2 7XH, UK Major Timothy J. Lawrence,
More informationEE302 Lesson 14: Antennas
EE302 Lesson 14: Antennas Loaded antennas /4 antennas are desirable because their impedance is purely resistive. At low frequencies, full /4 antennas are sometime impractical (especially in mobile applications).
More informationMobile Communications Chapter 2: Wireless Transmission
Mobile Communications Chapter 2: Wireless Transmission Frequencies Signals Antennas Signal propagation Multiplexing Spread spectrum Modulation Cellular systems Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jochen Schiller, http://www.jochenschiller.de/
More information2. Orbits. FER-Zagreb, Satellite communication systems 2011/12
2. Orbits Topics Orbit types Kepler and Newton laws Coverage area Influence of Earth 1 Orbit types According to inclination angle Equatorial Polar Inclinational orbit According to shape Circular orbit
More informationDAB Digital Radio Broadcasting. Dr. Campanella Michele
DAB Digital Radio Broadcasting Dr. Campanella Michele Intel Telecomponents Via degli Ulivi n. 3 Zona Ind. 74020 Montemesola (TA) Italy Phone +39 0995664328 Fax +39 0995932061 Email:info@telecomponents.com
More information1 Branches of Earth Science
CHAPTER 1 1 Branches of Earth Science SECTION The World of Earth Science BEFORE YOU READ After you read this section, you should be able to answer these questions: What are the four major branches of Earth
More informationScience Investigations: Investigating Astronomy Teacher s Guide
Teacher s Guide Grade Level: 6 12 Curriculum Focus: Astronomy/Space Duration: 7 segments; 66 minutes Program Description This library of videos contains seven segments on celestial bodies and related science.
More informationTechnicolor ATSC-8. User s Guide. 2012 Technicolor. All Rights reserved
Technicolor ATSC-8 User s Guide 2012 Technicolor. All Rights reserved Introduction This document describes the process and procedures for integrating the ATSC-8 product with the COM1000 digital head-end
More informationRF Communication System. EE 172 Systems Group Presentation
RF Communication System EE 172 Systems Group Presentation RF System Outline Transmitter Components Receiver Components Noise Figure Link Budget Test Equipment System Success Design Remedy Transmitter Components
More informationSelecting Receiving Antennas for Radio Tracking
Selecting Receiving Antennas for Radio Tracking Larry B Kuechle, Advanced Telemetry Systems, Inc. Isanti, Minnesota 55040 lkuechle@atstrack.com The receiving antenna is an integral part of any radio location
More informationPost Processing Service
Post Processing Service The delay of propagation of the signal due to the ionosphere is the main source of generation of positioning errors. This problem can be bypassed using a dual-frequency receivers
More informationTV Remote Controller Decoder
TV Remote Controller Decoder The TV Remote Controller Decoder kit is available, free to schools, to use in their Wireless Technology Curriculum. Former ARRL Education & Technology Program Coordinator,
More informationHow To Learn To Understand And Understand The Physics Of Chemistry
What will I learn as an Electrical Engineering student? Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Tufts School of Engineering Trying to decide on a major? Most college course descriptions are full
More informationDiscovering Computers 2008. Chapter 9 Communications and Networks
Discovering Computers 2008 Chapter 9 Communications and Networks Chapter 9 Objectives Discuss the the components required for for successful communications Identify various sending and receiving devices
More informationScience Standard 4 Earth in Space Grade Level Expectations
Science Standard 4 Earth in Space Grade Level Expectations Science Standard 4 Earth in Space Our Solar System is a collection of gravitationally interacting bodies that include Earth and the Moon. Universal
More informationMETHODS OF GATHERING EGM DATA Stephen Easley TXU Lone Star Pipeline
METHODS OF GATHERING EGM DATA Stephen Easley TXU Lone Star Pipeline 301 South Harwood St., Dallas, TX 75201 INTRODUCTION Today s changing world of computers and data communications is an exciting time
More information