Tick and mosquito-borne diseases in West Virginia
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1 Tick and mosquito-borne diseases in West Virginia Eric J. Dotseth State Public Health Entomologist West Virginia Department of Health & Human Resources
2 Objectives Define the distribution of blacklegged tick (Ixodes scapularis) in West Virginia Determine human pathogen infection rate in ticks from the state Monitor mosquito-borne disease activity in the mosquito population in West Virginia
3 Tick-borne diseases by causative organism(s) and presence of tick vectors in West Virginia Tick-borne Disease Pathogen(s) Tick Vector(s) Present in WV Tularemia Franciscella tularensis American dog tick (Dermacentor variabilis ) Lone star tick (Amblyomma americanum ) Anaplasmosis Anaplasma phagocytophilum Blacklegged tick (Ixodes scapularis ) Ehrlichiosis Ehrlichia chaffeensis Lone star tick (Amblyomma americanum ) Ehrlichia ewingii Lyme disease Borrelia burgdorferi Blacklegged tick (Ixodes scapularis ) Powassan encephalitis (?) Powassan virus Groundhog tick (Ixodes cookei) Blacklegged tick (Ixodes scapularis ) Babesiosis (?) Babesia microti Blacklegged tick (Ixodes scapularis ) Rocky Mountain spotted Rickettsia rickettsii American dog tick (Dermacentor variabilis ) fever and other spotted (and other spotted Brown dog tick (Rhipicephalus sanguineus ) fever rickettsioses fever group Rickettsia) Lone star tick (Amblyomma americanum ) Gulf Coast tick (Amblyomma maculatum )
4 Summary of four tick-borne diseases reported in West Virginia Total Annual Annual Annual Standard Cumulative Disease Name Cases Range Mean Median Deviation Incidence per Reported 100,000 Tularemia Ehrlichiosis Rocky Mountain spotted fever Lyme disease
5
6 State 2009 Rate per 100,000 persons West Virginia 7.9 Virginia 8.9 Maryland 25.7 Pennsylvania 39.3 Ohio 0.4 Kentucky 0.0
7 Lyme Disease Cases
8 Definitions of Ixodes scapularis distribution Hall et al. (1991) Dennis et al. (1998)
9 Definitions of Ixodes scapularis distribution Crutchfield (pers. comm.) Amrine (pers. comm.)
10 West Virginia DHHR OEPS Tick Survey Active tick sampling began Sept. 14, 2011, April 3, 2012, and Oct. 7,2012 Coincide with I. scapularis emergence Samples from cooperating national parks, state forests, and state parks Counties with established populations of blacklegged tick Counties with recent Lyme disease or human anaplasmosis activity Counties with apparent suitable blacklegged tick habitat
11 West Virginia DHHR OEPS Tick Survey Standardized tick drag collecting Tick specimens screened for human pathogens by Army Institute of Public Health, United States Army Public Health Command
12 West Virginia DHHR OEPS Tick Survey Results 2011 Eleven counties actively surveyed Most have been examined multiple times Ixodes scapularis only recovered from Jefferson County Three nymphs on Oct. 6 Two males on Oct. 18 Two males and three females on Nov. 2 Two males and one female on Nov. 21 None of the ticks were infected with Borrelia burgdorferi, Anaplasma phagocytophilum or Babesia microti
13 WAYNE 1 MASON PUTNAM CABELL 1 LINCOLN MINGO LOGAN West Virginia DHHR OEPS Tick Survey Results Spring 2012 Seven counties actively surveyed JACK- SON BOONE McDOWELL PLEASANTS WOOD WIRT ROANE KANAWHA HANCOCK BROOKE OHIO MARSHALL RITCHIE CAL- HOUN WYOMING RALEIGH CLAY FAYETTE MERCER TYLER GILMER WETZEL DODD- RIDGE MARION MONONGALIA TAYLOR HARRISON LEWIS BRAXTON NICHOLAS UP- SHUR WEBSTER GREENBRIER SUM- MERS MONROE PRESTON BARBOUR TUCKER POCAHONTAS RANDOLPH PENDLETON MINERAL GRANT HARDY MORGAN HAMPSHIRE BERKELEY JEFFERSON Ixodes scapularis recovered from Jefferson, Kanawha, Fayette, and Preston County First adult captured April 20 in Fayette County First nymph captured May 3 in Jefferson County Subset of ticks tested for disease agents Ixodes scapularis and Dermacentor variabilis from Jefferson County Ixodes scapularis from Kanawha County Dermacentor variabilis from Fayette County
14 West Virginia DHHR OEPS Tick Survey Results % of Ixodes scapularis from Jefferson County infected with Borrelia burgdorferi 8% of Ixodes scapularis from Jefferson County infected with Anaplasma phagocytophilum Ixodes scapularis from Kanawha County showed no infection with B. burgdorferi or A. phagocytophilum A. phagocytophlium PCR B. microti PCR B. burgdorferi PCR Rickettsia spp. PCR Date Species Stage Sex Test Reconfirm Test Reconfirm Test Reconfirm Test Reconfirm 4/20/2012 Dermacentor variabilis Adult Female NT NT NT NT NT Neg 4/20/2012 Dermacentor variabilis Adult Male NT NT NT NT NT Neg 4/20/2012 Dermacentor variabilis Adult Male NT NT NT NT NT Neg 4/20/2012 Dermacentor variabilis Adult Female NT NT NT NT NT Neg 4/20/2012 Dermacentor variabilis Adult Male NT NT NT NT NT Neg 4/20/2012 Dermacentor variabilis Adult Male NT NT NT NT NT Neg 5/3/2012 Ixodes scapularis Nymph Neg NT Pos Neg Pos Pos NT 5/3/2012 Ixodes scapularis Nymph Neg NT Neg NT Neg NT NT 5/3/2012 Ixodes scapularis Nymph Neg NT Neg NT Neg NT NT 5/3/2012 Dermacentor variabilis Adult Female NT NT NT NT NT NT Neg 5/3/2012 Ixodes scapularis Adult Male Neg NT Neg NT Neg NT NT 5/3/2012 Ixodes scapularis Nymph Neg NT Neg NT Neg NT NT 5/3/2012 Ixodes scapularis Nymph Neg NT Neg NT Pos Pos NT 5/3/2012 Ixodes scapularis Nymph Neg NT Neg NT Neg NT NT 5/17/2012 Dermacentor variabilis Adult Female NT NT NT NT NT NT Neg 5/17/2012 Ixodes scapularis Nymph Pos Pos Pos Neg Neg NT NT 5/17/2012 Ixodes scapularis Nymph Pos Pos Neg NT Neg NT NT 5/17/2012 Ixodes scapularis Nymph Neg NT Pos Neg Neg NT NT 5/17/2012 Ixodes scapularis Nymph Neg NT Neg NT Pos Pos NT 5/17/2012 Ixodes scapularis Nymph Neg NT Neg NT Pos Pos NT 5/25/2012 Dermacentor variabilis Adult Male NT NT NT NT NT Neg 5/25/2012 Dermacentor variabilis Adult Female NT NT NT NT NT Pos 5/25/2012 Dermacentor variabilis Adult Female NT NT NT NT NT Neg 5/25/2012 Dermacentor variabilis Adult Female NT NT NT NT NT Neg
15 West Virginia DHHR OEPS Tick Survey Results 2012 Single Dermacentor variabilis infected with Rickettsia montanensis A. phagocytophlium PCR B. microti PCR B. burgdorferi PCR Rickettsia spp. PCR Date Species Stage Sex Test Reconfirm Test Reconfirm Test Reconfirm Test Reconfirm 4/20/2012 Dermacentor variabilis Adult Female NT NT NT NT NT Neg 4/20/2012 Dermacentor variabilis Adult Male NT NT NT NT NT Neg 4/20/2012 Dermacentor variabilis Adult Male NT NT NT NT NT Neg 4/20/2012 Dermacentor variabilis Adult Female NT NT NT NT NT Neg 4/20/2012 Dermacentor variabilis Adult Male NT NT NT NT NT Neg 4/20/2012 Dermacentor variabilis Adult Male NT NT NT NT NT Neg 5/3/2012 Ixodes scapularis Nymph Neg NT Pos Neg Pos Pos NT 5/3/2012 Ixodes scapularis Nymph Neg NT Neg NT Neg NT NT 5/3/2012 Ixodes scapularis Nymph Neg NT Neg NT Neg NT NT 5/3/2012 Dermacentor variabilis Adult Female NT NT NT NT NT NT Neg 5/3/2012 Ixodes scapularis Adult Male Neg NT Neg NT Neg NT NT 5/3/2012 Ixodes scapularis Nymph Neg NT Neg NT Neg NT NT 5/3/2012 Ixodes scapularis Nymph Neg NT Neg NT Pos Pos NT 5/3/2012 Ixodes scapularis Nymph Neg NT Neg NT Neg NT NT 5/17/2012 Dermacentor variabilis Adult Female NT NT NT NT NT NT Neg 5/17/2012 Ixodes scapularis Nymph Pos Pos Pos Neg Neg NT NT 5/17/2012 Ixodes scapularis Nymph Pos Pos Neg NT Neg NT NT 5/17/2012 Ixodes scapularis Nymph Neg NT Pos Neg Neg NT NT 5/17/2012 Ixodes scapularis Nymph Neg NT Neg NT Pos Pos NT 5/17/2012 Ixodes scapularis Nymph Neg NT Neg NT Pos Pos NT 5/25/2012 Dermacentor variabilis Adult Male NT NT NT NT NT Neg 5/25/2012 Dermacentor variabilis Adult Female NT NT NT NT NT Pos 5/25/2012 Dermacentor variabilis Adult Female NT NT NT NT NT Neg 5/25/2012 Dermacentor variabilis Adult Female NT NT NT NT NT Neg
16 West Virginia DHHR OEPS Tick Survey Fall 2012 Six counties actively surveyed Ixodes scapularis recovered from Hancock County Ixodes scapularis recovered from Kanawha County One adult male on Oct. 21 One adult male and one adult female on Nov. 4 One adult female on Dec. 2 One adult female on Jan. 20 One adult male on Feb. 14 One adult male on Feb. 22 Blacklegged tick population in Kanawha County (as defined in Dennis et al. (1998))
17 West Virginia DHHR OEPS Tick Survey Results Single Ixodes scapularis from human patient in Randolph County (November 2012) Two Ixodes scapularis from human patient in Tucker County (January 2013) One Ixodes scapularis from human patient in Hampshire County (January 2013)
18 West Virginia DHHR OEPS Tick Survey Results Gulf Coast Tick (Amblyomma maculatum) from veterinary clinic in Monongalia County Ixodes scapularis from veterinary clinic in Monongalia County Ixodes scapularis from deer captured in Hampshire County Ixodes scapularis from veterinary clinic in Kanawha County (NOTE: We do not know the travel history of animal patients)
19 Mosquitoes & Public Health Loss of blood Allergic response to mosquito bites Annoyance Disease Transmission
20 Mosquito-borne Arboviral Surveillance Species Humans Mosquitoes Dead birds Horses Viruses WNV SLE (St. Louis encephalitis) EEE (Eastern equine encephalitis) LAC (La Crosse encephalitis)
21 Mosquito Surveillance Regular mosquito trapping from May through September Mosquitoes tested for pathogens Culex spp. tested for WNV and SLE Non-Culex spp. tested for WNV, LAC, SLE, and EEE
22 West Virginia DHHR OEPS Mosquito Survey 2012 Active adult mosquito sampling from May 23 through September 18 Regular sampling from counties with different amounts of LAC human cases (as shown in (Haddow, Bixler & Odoi (2011)) Weekly samples from Nicholas, Fayette, and Raleigh counties (high incidence of LAC) Weekly samples from Kanawha, Wood, and Roane counties (low incidence of LAC)
23 West Virginia OEPS DHHR Mosquito Survey 2012 Semi-regular sampling in other counties Mercer, Harrison, Clay, and Putnam counties Sampling conducted from local volunteers Cabell, Wayne, Boone, Tyler, Braxton, Webster, Brooke, Jefferson, Monroe, and Hardy counties
24 West Virginia DHHR OEPS Mosquito Survey 2012 Standardized gravid trap and CO 2 trap Mosquitoes tested for pathogens (WNV, LAC, SLE, EEE) by West Virginia DHHR Office of Laboratory Services
25 West Virginia DHHR OEPS Mosquito Survey 2012 Send updates on vector-borne disease activity
26 West Virginia DHHR OEPS Mosquito Survey LAC Human Cases 10 WNV Human Cases 2 Travel-Associated Malaria Human Cases 1 WNV Bird
27 West Virginia DHHR OEPS Mosquito Survey mosquito pools with 12,864 mosquitoes 281 mosquito pools were positive for WNV 18 of 19 counties with mosquito pools positive for WNV No mosquito pools positive for LAC, SLE or EEE
28 Minimum Infection Rate (MIR) (per 1000 Mosquitoes) West Virginia DHHR OEPS Mosquito Survey 2012 WNV activity in mosquitoes peaked during the first week of July (Week 27), much earlier than expected WNV Minimum Infection Rate (MIR) in Culex pipiens/restuans by Week in West Virginia Week
29 Minimum Infection Rate (MIR) (per 1000 Mosquitoes) West Virginia DHHR OEPS Mosquito Survey 2012 WNV activity in mosquitoes peaked during the first week of July (Week 27), much earlier than expected 600 WNV Minimum Infection Rate (MIR) in Aedes albopictus by Week in West Virginia Week
30 West Virginia OEPS DHHR Mosquito Survey 2012 Health alert sent immediately to local health partners
31 Number of Mosquito Pools West Virginia OEPS DHHR Mosquito Survey 2012 Although abundant, Culex restuans/pipiens has a low WNV infection rate Prevalence of WNV in Mosquito Species in West Virginia 350 Positive WNV Mosquito Pools Negative WNV Mosquito Pools Mosquito Species
32 West Virginia OEPS DHHR Mosquito Survey 2012 Anopheles crucians represents a new mosquito state record for West Virginia Found in Wood and Nicholas counties WNV has been isolated from this species in West Virginia
33 Summary We are beginning to understand the distribution of ticks in West Virginia Ixodes scapularis, the tick species associated with Lyme disease and anaplasmosis, is found beyond the eastern panhandle
34 Summary Blacklegged ticks from Lyme disease endemic regions of West Virginia are infected with B. burgdoferi (and A. phagocytophilum) Blacklegged ticks from areas in West Virginia not historically associated with Lyme disease are not infected with B. burgdorferi (or A. phagocytophilum) Continue to determine distribution of ticks and prevalence of human disease in the tick population
35 Summary La Crosse encephalitis is the predominant mosquito-borne disease in West Virginia Highest human incidence of West Nile encephalitis in West Virginia occurred this year (2012) WNV activity in mosquitoes peaked in July, much earlier than previous years Although abundant, Culex restuans/pipiens has a low infection rate
36 Thank you!
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