Automotive Software Engineering

Transcription

1 AUTOMOTIVE Automotive Software Engineering Principles, Processes, Methods, and Tools SECOND EDITION Jörg Schäuffele Thomas Zurawka

2 Foreword: The Role of Software in the Automobile...xi Preface to the Second English Edition...xiii Acknowledgments...xv Chapter 1: Introduction and Overview The Driver-Vehicle-Environment System Design and Method of Operation of Vehicle Electronic Systems Electronic Systems of the Vehicle and the Environment Overview of Vehicle Electronic Systems Electronic Systems of the Powertrain Electronic Systems of the Chassis Body Electronics Multimedia Systems Distributed and Networked Electronic Systems Summary and Outlook Overview of the Logical System Architecture ECU and Function Networks of the Vehicle Logical System Architecture for Open-Loop/Closed-Loop Control and Monitoring Systems Processes in Vehicle Development Overview of Vehicle Development Overview of the Development of Electronic Systems Core Process for Electronic Systems and Software Development Support Processes for Electronic Systems and Software Development Production and Service of Electronic Systems and Software Methods and Tools for the Development of Software for Electronic Systems Model-Based Development Integrated Quality Management Reducing the Development Risk Standardization and Automation Development Steps in the Vehicle v

3 Chapter 2: Essential System Basics Open-Loop and Closed-Loop Control Systems Modeling Block Diagrams Discrete Systems Time-Discrete Systems and Signals Value-Discrete Systems and Signals Time- and Value-Discrete Systems and Signals State Machines Embedded Systems Microcontroller Construction Memory Technologies Microcontroller Programming Real-Time Systems Defining Tasks Defining Real-Time Requirements Task States Strategies for Processor Scheduling Organization of Real-Time Operating Systems Interaction Among Tasks Distributed and Networked Systems Logical and Technical System Architecture Defining Logical Communication Links Defining the Technical Network Topology Defining Messages Organization of Communication and Network Management Strategies for Bus Arbitrcation System Reliability, Safety, Monitoring, and Diagnostics Basic Terms System Reliability and Availability System Safety System Monitoring and Diagnostics Organization of a Monitoring System for Electronic Control Units Organization of a Diagnostic System for Electronic Control Units Electrics/Electronics and Software Architecture Chapter 3: Support Processes for Electronic Systems and Software Development Basic Definitions of System Theory Process Models and Standards vi

4 3.3 Configuration Management Product and Life Cycle Variants and Scalability Versions and Configurations Project Management Project Planning Project Tracking and Risk Management Subcontractor/Supplier Management System and Component Responsibilities Interfaces for Specification and Integration Defining the Cross-Corporation Development Process Requirements Management Mining, Recording, and Interpreting User Requirements Tracking User Requirements Quality Assurance Integration and Testing Procedures Software Quality Assurance Methods Chapter 4: Core Process for Electronic Systems and Software Engineering Requirements and Prerequisites Shared System and Component Responsibilities Coordination of Systems Engineering and Software Engineering Model-Based Software Development Basic Definitions and Notations Processes, Process Steps, and Artifacts Methods and Tools Specification of Logical System Architecture Specification of Technical System Architecture Analysis and Specification of Open-Loop/Closed-Loop Control Systems Analysis and Specification of Real-Time Systems Analysis and Specification of Distributed and Networked Systems Analysis and Specification of Reliable and Safe Systems Specification of Software Architecture Specification of Software Components and Associated Interfaces Specification of Software Layers Specification of Operating States Specification of Software Components Specification of Data Model vii

5 4.6.2 Specification of Behavioral Model Specification of Real-Time Model Design and Implementation of Software Components Consideration of Requested Nonfunctional Product Properties Design and Implementation of Data Model Design and Implementation of Behavioral Model Design and Implementation of Real-Time Model Software Component Testing Integration of Software Components Generating Program Version and Data Version Generating Description Files Generating Documentation Software Integration Testing Integration of System Components Integration of Software and Hardware Integration of ECUs, Setpoint Generators, Sensors, and Actuators System Integration Test Calibration System and Acceptance Test Chapter 5: Methods and Tools for Development Offboard Interface Between Electronic Control Units and Tools Analysis of Logical System Architecture and Specification of Technical System Architecture Analysis and Specification of Open-Loop and Closed- Loop Control Systems Analysis and Specification of Real-Time Systems Analysis and Specification of Distributed and Networked Systems Analysis and Specification of Reliable and Safe Systems Specification and Validation of Software Functions Specification of Software Architecture and Software Components Specification of Data Model Specification of Behavioral Model Using Block Diagrams Specification of Behavioral Model Using Decision Tables Specification of Behavioral Model Using State Machines Specification of Behavioral Model Using High-Level Languages Specification of Real-Time Model viii

6 5.3.8 Validating the Specification Through Simulation and Rapid Prototyping Design and Implementation of Software Functions Consideration of Requested Nonfunctional Product Properties Design and Implementation of Algorithms for Fixed-Point and Floating-Point Arithmetic Design and Implementation of Software Architecture Design and Implementation of Data Model Design and Implementation of Behavioral Model Integration and Testing of Software Functions Software-in-the-Loop Simulations Laboratory Vehicles and Test Benches Experimental, Prototype, and Production Vehicles Design and Automation of Experiments Calibration of Software Functions Offline and Online Calibration Procedures Software Update Through Flash Programming Synchronous Measuring of Microcontroller and Instrumentation Signals Downloading and Evaluating Onboard Diagnostic Data Offline Calibration of Parameters Online Calibration of Parameters Classification of Offboard Interfaces for Online Calibration CAL-RAM Management Parameter and Data Version Management Design and Automation of Experiments Chapter 6: Methods and Tools for Production and Service Offboard Diagnostics Parameterization of Software Functions Software Update Through Flash Programming Erasing and Programming Flash Memory Flash Programming Through the Offboard Diagnostic Interface Security Requirements Availability Requirements Boot Block Shifting and Flash Programming Startup and Testing of Electronic Systems ix

7 Chapter 7: Summary and Outlook References Illustration Credits List of Acronyms Index About the Authors x