A History of Presidential Elections
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1 A History of Presidential Elections
2 A Rough Course Schedule! Lecture 1: ! Lecture 2: ! Lecture 3: ! Lecture 4: ! Lecture 5: ! Lecture 6: ! Lecture 7: ! Lecture 8: 1968-today
3 Colonial-Era Politics! Rooted in the politics of colonial America! Lively politics of the colonial era! Key issues and factions varied from colony to colony, region to region! No formal Parties but there were informal parties! Were the framers naïve in believing factional politics would not happen in the new republic?
4 Establishing the Electoral College: Framers did not anticipate development of parties
5 Enormous advantage conferred upon slave states at expense of the north
6 Gray states are without restrictions on faithless electors
7 1789: Washington 69; Adams 34; John Jay 9; John Hancock 4; and others 22
8 Early Factions and Parties Hamilton vs. Jefferson
9 1792: First election where the original 13 states appointed electors along with new states of KY and VT. Results: Washington 132 (unanimous); Adams 77; Clinton 50; Jefferson 4; and Aaron Burr 1
10 Washington s Farewell Address Warns of the dangerous Spirit of Party
11 The First Party System c Federalist Party Democratic-Republicans Urban Northern Centralized Government Development, Manufacturing Mildly Pro-British, Anti-French George Washington John Adams of MA Alexander Hamilton of NY Rural Southern De-centralized Government Agricultural Pro-French, Anti-British Thomas Jefferson of Virginia James Madison of Virginia James Monroe of Virginia
12 Washington warns parties to let the pillars of Federalism, Republicanism and Democracy stand to hold up Peace, Plenty, Liberty and Independence. At left, a Democrat says: This Pillar shall not stand I am determined to support a just and necessary War. At right, a Federalist claims: This Pillar must come down I am a friend of Peace
13 Alexander Hamilton Looks for Alternatives to Adams, 1796 Patrick Henry Thomas Pinckney
14 1796 regarded as one of the most acrimonious elections. Country divided into parties, a development the Electoral College was not designed to accommodate
15 The Election of 1796 Adams won stray electoral votes in VA and NC, and the presidency, by 71-68
16 Vice Presidents (14): nine upon death of president; only five elected to office! John Adams (elected in 1796)! Jefferson (elected in )! Martin Van Buren (elected in 1836)! John Tyler (death of Harrison, 1841)! Millard Fillmore (death of Taylor, 1850)! Andrew Johnson (death of Lincoln, 1865)! Theodore Roosevelt (death of McKinley, 1901)! Coolidge (death of Harding, 1923)! Truman (death of FDR, 1945)! LBJ (assassination of JFK, 1963)! Nixon (elected in 1968)! Ford (resignation of Nixon, 1974)! Bush I (elected in 1988)! Chet Arthur (death of Garfield, 1881)
17 Secretaries of State (4) (Pictured: James Madison with Hillary Clinton)! James Madison, 1808! James Monroe, 1816! J.Q. Adams, 1824! James Buchanan, 1856*! Hillary Clinton?
18 Senators (7)! Andrew Jackson, 1828! William Henry Harrison, 1840! Franklin Pierce, 1852! Benjamin Harrison, 1888! Warren G. Harding, 1920! JFK, 1960! Barack Obama, 2008
19 ! James K. Polk, 1844! R.B. Hayes, 1876! Grover Cleveland, 1884! William McKinley, 1896! Woodrow Wilson, 1912! FDR, 1932! Jimmy Carter, 1976! Ronald Reagan, 1980! Bill Clinton, 1992! George W. Bush, 2000 Governors (10)
20 Military Figures (4)! George Washington, 1789! Zach Taylor, 1848! U.S. Grant, 1868! Eisenhower, 1952
21 Members of the House (2) Rep. Abraham Lincoln, 1860 Rep. James A. Garfield, 1880
22 Other Cabinet Members (2) (other than State) William Howard Taft, 1908 (Secretary of War) Herbert Hoover, 1928 (Secretary of Commerce)
23 ! Struggled in office; unhappy! Retained Washington s cabinet John Adams President ! Alien and Sedition Acts, 1798; grappled with French and British machinations! Vice president also led opposition! Unseated by vice president! Temperamentally unsuited to politics; took retreats of up to seven months at a time
24 Electoral College Problems with the Vice Presidency 1796, 1800
25 Election of 1800 The First of Several Rematches! Jefferson v. Adams, 1796, 1800! J.Q. Adams v. Jackson, 1824, 1828! Van Buren v. W.H. Harrison, 1836, 1840! Cleveland v. B. Harrison, 1888, 1892! McKinley v. Bryan, 1896, 1900! Eisenhower v. Stevenson, 1952, 1956
26 Election of 1800! Adams wrote that Jefferson possessed a mind, soured, yet seeking for popularity, and eaten to a honeycomb with ambition, yet weak, confused, uninformed, and ignorant! 1800 firmly established the twoparty system as the norm in American politics! Set a precedent for the peaceful, legitimate, transfer of political power
27 Election of 1800! Jefferson working with the Devil and some alcohol to pull down the stability of the federal government! Neither Adams nor Jefferson campaigned personally! Adams s Federalist backers attacked Jefferson for his atheism, radicalism, and lack of morality
28 The Providential Detection! Jefferson kneels before altar of Gallic despotism! God and an eagle attempt to prevent him from destroying Constitution! He is about to fling the Constitution & Independence USA into fire! Jefferson s attack on Washington and Adams falls from his pocket! Jefferson supported by Satan, writings of Thomas Paine, and French philosophers
29 Jefferson The Philosophic Cock! Jefferson as the cock, courts a hen! Opponents charged Jefferson with promiscuous behavior with his slaves! The cock was also a symbol of revolutionary France, which Jefferson was known to admire
30 Anti-Jefferson Political Attacks! One propagandist warned that, with Jefferson as president, murder, robbery, rape, adultery, and incest will be openly taught and practiced, the air will be rent with the cries of the distressed, the soil will be soaked with blood, and the nation black with crimes.! Jefferson s backers responded by charging that Adams planned to marry one of his sons to the daughter of the king of England, start an American monarchy, and reunite with England
31 The Election of 1800! Hamilton clashed with Adams, guaranteeing Republican victory! Constitution failed to distinguish votes cast for president and for vice president! Jefferson ended up tied with fellow Republican, Aaron Burr! Most Federalists distrusted Burr, but they supported him because they hated Jefferson more
32 1800: Voters in Jefferson s States Possessed More Electoral Power Because of the 3/5ths Clause
33 The Contingent Election of (Pictured: Aaron Burr and Thomas Jefferson! 1800 exposed flaw in the system! Members of the Electoral College cast two votes for president! Leading vote-getter, provided that he received a majority, elected president! The second vote-getter, VP! If no candidate received majority or if two candidates tied, the House chose the president, each state casting a single vote
34 Adams first defeated incumbent; nonetheless, appeared on four national ballots! Adams: 1789, 1792, 1796, 1800! Van Buren: 1832, 1836, 1840, 1848! FDR: 1920, 1932, 1936, 1940, 1944! Nixon: 1952, 1956, 1960, 1968, 1972! G.H.W. Bush: 1980, 1984, 1988, 1992
35 Adams First Incumbent Defeated: Ten Defeated Incumbents! John Adams, 1800! J.Q. Adams, 1828! Van Buren, 1840! Cleveland, 1888! Ben Harrison, 1892! Taft, 1912! Hoover, 1932! Ford, 1976! Carter, 1980! Bush I, 1992
36 20 (or 22?) Re-elected Incumbents (Ital: Only 13 to Two Full Terms)! Washington, 1792! Jefferson, 1804! Madison, 1812! Monroe, 1820! Jackson, 1832! Lincoln, 1864! Grant, 1872! McKinley, 1900! TR* (filling McKinley s term), 1904! Wilson, 1916! Coolidge* (filling Harding s term), 1924! FDR* (reelected 3 times), 1936, 40, 44! Truman* (filling FDR 4 th term), 1948! Ike, 1956! LBJ* (filling JFK s term), 1964! Nixon, 1972! Reagan, 1984! Clinton, 1996! Bush, 2004! Obama, 2012
37 Jefferson: First president who was an active party leader! Washington served above the fray! Adams sought to and failed! Jefferson pretended he was NOT a party man! but he was a party man! The Democratic-Republicans provided Jefferson with a vital support network, one that Adams never enjoyed with the Federalists
38 The most transformative Presidents are Partisan Leaders Not a popularity contest; not a beauty pageant! Jefferson and his Democratic majorities (28-6), (116-26)! Jackson and his Democratic majorities (26-22), (143-63)! Lincoln and his Republican majorities (32-10), (108-75)! FDR and his Democratic majorities (76-16), (334-88)! LBJ and his Democratic majorities (68-32), ( )
39 The Enigma! Jefferson spoke of liberty, nevertheless held other human beings in slavery! Disdained politics, yet was a master politician! Always outwardly polite to his enemies, he spoke harshly of them in private! An elegant writer, he was an inept speaker
40 The Hemings Controversy
41 Thomas Jefferson! Negro President was the appellation leveled at Jefferson by Massachusetts Federalist Timothy Pickering! Pickering charged that Jefferson beat incumbent President John Adams in the close election of 1800 only because of the extra votes the three-fifths clause gave to Southern slave-owning states
42 Louisiana Purchase, 1803
43 Hamilton v. Burr, 1804 Jefferson s Vice President Slays Leader of the Federalists
44 1804
45 Criticizing Jefferson s Embargo on Trade with the French and British, Intercourse or Impartial Dealings depicts Jefferson being held up for money by George III and Napoleon
46 The Election of 1808
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