Organizational Behaviour

Transcription

1 Organizational Behaviour CONCEPTS AND APPLICATIONS DIPAK KUMAR BHATTACHARYYA Indian Institute of Social Welfare and Business Management Kolkata OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS

2 Contents Preface v j1. Introduction to Organizational {, Behaviour and Management 1 Introduction 2 Nature of Management 3 Meaning of Management 3 Different Dimensions of Management 5 Management Functions and Processes 6 Important Characteristics and Features of Management 11 Importance of Management 12 Excellence at Macquarie Bank Evolution of Organizational Behaviour 23 Introduction 24 Pre-classical Approach 25 Classical School of Thoughts 25 Behavioural Theories Neo-classical Approach 32 Modern Approaches 36 Contemporary School of Management Thoughts 38 Management by Objectives 40 The HP Way Organizational Strategies and Policies 46 Introduction 47 Prescriptive Schools 47 Descriptive Schools 48 Strategy across Levels 52 Tactics and Strategy 53 Strategy and Organizational Behaviour 54 Aligning Strategies to Transform People 54 Example of Strategy and Action Plan for HRM 58 Policy 58 Strategic Control 63 Operational Control Systems 64 Marico Surviving a Fiercely Competitive Industry 69 Appendix 3.1: Employee Leave Policy Organizational Structure and Systems 76 Introduction 77 Definitions and Principles of Organization 77 Theories of Organization 79 Basic Principles of Organization or Organizing 79 Human Factors in Organizing 80 Important Steps in Organizing 80 Importance and Benefits of Organization 80

3 xii Contents Types of Organization 81 Organizational Structure 82 What Comes First Strategy or Structure? 83 Developing an Organizational Structure or Design 84 Dynamic Organization Structure and Departmentation 85 Organizing as Part of the Total Management Task 94 Delegation versus Decentralization 96 Principles of Delegation 97 Centralization versus Decentralization 99 Line and Staff Relations 102 Span of Management 106 Virtual or Networked Organizations 111 Designing Organizations for Uncertain Environment 112 The Chinese Dragon and a New Organization Structure Personality and Its Influence : on Organizational Behaviour 119 Introduction 120 Personality and Organizational Behaviour 121 Personality Theories 121 Definition of Personality 126 Characteristics of Personality 127 Determinants of Personality 128 Personality and Individual Differences 129 Personality Types 129 Personality Opposites 130 Jungian Types, Myers-Briggs, and the Four Temperaments 131 Measurement of Personality Traits 131 Situation versus Personality Debate 13 6 Biological Approach to Personality 138 Learning Perspectives of Personality 139 Phenomenological Perspectives on Personality 140 : Personality Measurement 140 Relating Personality to Behaviour 141 Perception and Its Influence on Individual Behaviour 143 Individual Behaviour and Performance 144 Thinking and the Decision-making Process 144 Impression Management 145 Dabur India Limited Success Story of a Century Old Indian Conglomerate Attitude and Its? Measurement 154 Introduction 155 Definition and Concepts 157 Values and Attitudes 159 Attitudes and Organizational Behaviour 159 Attitude Measurement 161 Attitude Survey 165 HRD and Attitudinal Change 168 Accuracy, Reliability, and Validity 170 Scales 171 Managing Work Culture Transformation Emotional Intelligence and j Organizational; Behaviour 182 Introduction 183 Historical Roots of Emotional Intelligence 183 Understanding Emotional Intelligence 185 Nature of Emotional Intelligence 188 Use of Emotional Intelligence at Work 190

4 Contents xiii Use and Abuse of Emotional Intelligence at Workplace 194 Emotional Intelligence, Individual Behaviour, and Performance 194 Assessment of Emotional Intelligence and Competence 197 Management of Emotions 198 Models of Emotional Intelligence 199 NLP and Emotional Intelligence 201 Emotional Intelligence at the Workplace 205.%/ 'v;;'.'''.";^;".-:. -207' Introduction 208 Importance of Studying Groups 209 Definition 210 Types of Groups 211 Theories of Group Formation 214 Stages of Group Development 214 Effectiveness of Groups 215 Decision Making in Groups 216 Groupthink 220 Reasons for Joining Groups 222 Groups and the Organizational Culture 223 Model of Team Development 224 Group Roles and Norms 226 Group Dynamics 228 Group Dynamics at MegaSoft 232, 9. Conflict Management and Stress in Organizations 234 Introduction 235 Definition and Concept of Conflict 235 Causes of Conflict 236 Types of Conflict 237. Conflict Management 237 Conflict Models and Strategies 239 Stress in Organizations 241 Conflict Management Process 244 Grievance Handling 254 Principles of Natural Justice 256 Collective Bargaining as Conflict Resolution Strategy 256 Conflict Management at Supreme India 270 Appendix 9.1: Sample Disciplinary 'Policy Organizational Behaviour '--r-l ' ' ' and Job Design *{Y v :^i:^;j Introduction 276 Definition and Concepts 277 Job Design 278 Steps in Job Design 283 Job Analysis Methods 286 Use of Assessment Centres Approach for Job Analysis 290 Job Description 292 Job Evaluation 295 Job Assessment 298 Work Measurement 305 Ergonomics 307 Motion Economy 311 Human Engineering 312 Value Analysis 314 Competency-based Approach in Job Design 316 Amrita Sugar 326 Appendix 10.1 Job Analysis Data Sheet 327 Appendix 10.2: Job Description and Specifications 328 Appendix 10.3: Competency Sets and the Evidences Required for the Job of Regional Director Employee Motivation 331 Introduction 333 Motivation Elements 334 Definition and Concept 334 Important Objectives of Motivation 336 Mechanism of Motivation 337

5 xiv Contents Theories of Motivation 338 Employee Counselling 360 Designing Motivational Strategies 364 ICBANK Model of Employee Motivation 368 i 12. Leadership 371 Introduction 372 Definitions and Characteristics 373 Management and Leadership 375 Formal and Informal Leaders 376 Significance of Leadership 377 Leadership Qualities 378 Organizational Leadership and Environment 380 Functions of Leadership 382 Leadership and Power 384 Leadership Styles 384 Leadership Attitudes 386 Leadership Skill 387 Leadership Theories 389 Widely Acclaimed Studies on Leadership 391 Grouping of Leadership Theories 397, Entrepreneurial Leadership 403 Language of Leaders 404 A Leadership Case Study MOVEFAST Power and Politics in Organizations 411 Introduction 412 Theories of Power 413 Organizational Power and Control 415 Power and Systems of Organizational Membership 415 Sources of Power 417 Power and Empowerment Power to the People 419 Organizational Politics 422 The Fall ofsona Computers Communication and Negotiation in Organizations 428 Introduction 429 Definition and Concepts 429 Nature of Communication 430 Effective Communication 431 Organizational Communication 433 Types of Organizational Communication 433 Psychological and Behavioural Influence on Communication 436 Group Communications 437 Communication Barriers 438 Transactional Analysis 443 Negotiation 445 Failed Communication Globalization and Organizational Behaviour Introduction 454 Definition and Concepts 455 Globalization Challenges for Managing Organizational Behaviour 457 Globalization and Changing Business Practices in India 462 Six Sigma, Globalization, and Technological Change 471 International Organizational Behaviour 473 Korean Management 475 Appendix 15.1: WTO Brief Ethics and Organizational {Behaviour 478 Introduction 479 Definitions and Concepts 479 Code of Ethics and Code of Conduct 480 Test of Ethical Decision Making 485 Stakeholders and Ethical Organizations 486

6 Contents xv Building Ethical Culture in Organizations 488 Perception versus Behavioural Issues and Ethics 489 What Are Values? 490 Ethics of Production 493 Ethics of Intellectual Property Rights, Knowledge, and Skills 494 International Business Ethics 494 Dimensions of Business Ethics 495 Conflicting Interests 495 Ethics of Leadership 499 anizations 501 Introduction 501 Characteristics of Learning Organization 504 Steps for Developing a Learning Organization 505 Implementation Strategies for Learning Organizations 506 Model of Learning Organization 506 Learning Cycle 509 Desired Behavioural Changes for Learning Organizations 509 Dialogue and the Learning Organization 511 Why Learning Organizations Work 511 Learning Orientations 512 Learning Curve 513 T-Mobile Intensifying the Learning Gain Organizational Culture Introduction 522 Definition and Concept 523 Organizational Culture and Organizational Behavioural Practices 524 Managing Corporate Culture Changes Organizational Culture and Organizational Climate 528 Organizational Culture from Global Perspective in the Context of Globalization 531 Merger and Acquisition and Impact on Corporate Culture 533 Hofstede's Cultural Orientation Model 535 Applications for the Culture in the Workplace 537 Organizational Structure 537 Managing Change in Tata Consultancy Services Ltd 548 Introduction 554 Definition and Concepts 555 Integral Components of Knowledge Management 557 Benefits of Knowledge Management 558 Building a Knowledge Organization 558 Knowledge Management Strategy 559 Knowledge Strategy link 562 Strategic Knowledge Management in Indian Organizations 564 Indian Companies and Knowledge Management 565 Knowledge Management and Resourcebased Competitive Advantage 566 Catalysts for Knowledge Management Practices in Organizations 566 Knowledge Management and Organizational Behaviour 567 Reengineering AIMA through Knowledge Management Organizational Behaviour Research Introduction 579 Basic Concepts

7 xvi Contents Ethical Issues in OB Research 581 Tools and Techniques of OB Research 582 Framing of Hypotheses 5 87 Data Types and Preparation for Analysis 588 Some Uncommon Data Collection Methods for OB Research 589 Processing and Coding of Data 590 Analysis and Interpretation of Data 591 Meta-analysis 593 Qualitative Research Considerations 595 RichOvernight Financial Services Total Quality Management and! Organizational Behaviour 605 Introduction 605 TQM and the Operating Environment of Organizations 606 ISO Standards and TQM Systems 608 Teams and Teamwork 611 Organizational Behaviour and TQM 612 OB and Six Sigma Practices 616 OB, Innovation, and Creativity 616 Innovative Customer Service at EMC Corporation 621 Index 623