DWARF PLANETS. Marilyn Henein Danut Scola Myles Merrill Period 1

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1 DWARF PLANETS Marilyn Henein Danut Scola Myles Merrill Period 1

2 OVERVIEW What is a Dwarf Planet? Orbits the sun Has enough mass to assume a nearly round shape Has not cleared the neighborhood around its orbit Is not a moon

3 CERES Ceres was the first object discovered in the asteroid belt by Father Giuseppe Piazzi on January 1 st, In recognition of its planet-like qualities, Ceres was designated a dwarf planet in 2006 along with Pluto and Eris. Ceres is named for the Roman goddess of corn and harvests.

4 CERES Scientists describe Ceres as an "embryonic planet It ended up among the leftover debris of planetary formation in the asteroid belt. Ceres is approximately 580 miles (930 kilometers) across, about the size of Texas. It comprises 25 percent of the asteroid belt's total mass.

5 CERES There are signs it may contain large amounts of pure water ice beneath its surface. Astronomers suspect water ice may be buried under the dwarf planet's crust because the density of Ceres is less than that of Earth's crust. Ceres' water, unlike Earth's, would be in the form of water ice.

6 CERES Orbit Size around Sun English: 257,005,204 miles Scientific Notation: x 10 0 A.U Perihelion (closest) English: 236,712,305 Scientific Notation: x 10 0 A.U Aphelion (farthest) English: 277,389,103 miles Scientific Notation: x 10 0 A.U Orbit Period Orbit Circumference 4.60 Earth years English: 1,612,593,677 miles Scientific Notation: x 10 9 km Average Orbit Velocity English: 39,991 mph Scientific Notation: x 10 4 m/s

7 CERES Orbit Eccentricity Orbit Inclination Mean Radius Equatorial Circumference Mass Density Metric: 2.09 g/cm 3 Surface Gravity Metric: 0.28 m/s 2 Escape Velocity Metric: 1,855 km/h Sidereal Rotation Period Earth Days English: miles Scientific Notation: x 10 2 km English: 1,859.2 miles Scientific Notation: x 10 3 km Metric: 947,000,000,000,000,000,000 kg Scientific Notation: 9.47 x kg

8 CERES

9 PLUTO! Discovered in 1930 by Clyde Tombaugh, Pluto was long considered our solar system's ninth planet. Icy Pluto was reclassified as a dwarf planet. Pluto is also a member of a group of objects that orbit in a disc-like zone beyond the orbit of Neptune called the Kuiper Belt.

10 PLUTO Featured Mission: New Horizons NASA's New Horizons will be the first spacecraft to visit Pluto and the Kuiper Belt. The spacecraft's nine and a half year journey to the ice dwarf began in January The spacecraft will reach Pluto in 2015.

11 PLUTO Pluto (before called Hades) in classical mythology was the ruler of the Underworld. Myth about Pluto and Ceres

12 PLUTO Orbit Size around Sun Perihelion (closest) Aphelion (farthest) Orbit Period Orbit Circumference Average Orbit Velocity English: 3,670,092,055, miles Scientific Notation: x 10 1 A.U English: 2,756,872,958 miles Scientific Notation: x 10 1 A.U English: 4,583,311,152 miles Scientific Notation: x 10 1 A.U Earth Years English: 22,698,676,007 miles Scientific Notation: x km English: 10,444 mph Scientific Notation: m/s

13 PLUTO Orbit Eccentricity Orbit Inclination degrees Mean Radius English: miles Scientific Notation: x 10 3 km Equatorial Circumference English: 4,493.7 miles Scientific Notation: x 10 3 km Mass Metric: 13,090,000,000,000,000,000,000 kg Scientific Notation: x kg Density Metric: g/cm 3 Surface Gravity Escape Velocity Metric: 0.66 m/s 2 Metric 4,428 km/h Minimum/Maximum Surface Temperature -387/-369 F

14 PLUTO

15 ERIS Eris was discovered on October 21, 2003 by Mark Brown and David Rabinowitz. It was thought to be a tenth planet but later denied and made a dwarf planet. It was the first object in the Kuiper Belt found to be bigger than Pluto.

16 ERIS The dwarf planet is mostly very far from the sun so its atmosphere collapses and freezes on the surface in an icy glaze. The thin atmosphere will thaw as Eris gets closer to the sun, revealing a rocky surface. Since Eris is too small and too far to see clearly, scientists used its tiny moon Dysnomia to measure it. Dysnomia has a nearly circular orbit lasting about 16 days.

17 ERIS Originally designated 2003 UB313 (and nicknamed Xena by its discovery team), Eris is named for the ancient Greek goddess of discord and strife. Her Latin name is Discordia. Eris' moon, Dysnomia, is named after Eris' daughter who is the demon goddess of lawlessness.

18 ERIS Orbit around the sun Perihelion (closest) Aphelion (farthest) Orbit Period English: 6,325,635,074 miles Scientific Notation: x 10 1 A.U English: 3,582,660,264 miles Scientific Notation: x 10 1 A.U English: 9,068,609,883 miles Scientific Notation: x 10 1 A.U Earth years Orbit Circumference Average Orbit Velocity English: 37,805,147,330 miles Scientific Notation: 3.78x10 10 English: 7,682 mph Scientific Notation: x 10 3 m/s

19 ERIS Orbit Eccentricity Orbit Inclination Sidereal Rotation Period (Length of Day) Earth days or hours

20 ERIS

21 MAKEMAKE Makemake was first observed in March 2005 by Mark Brown and David Rabinowitz at the Palomar Observatory. Its unofficial codename was Easterbunny. It was officially recognized as a dwarf planet by the International Astronomical Union in 2008.

22 MAKEMAKE Frozen ethane, nitrogen and methane have been detected on the surface of Makemake. They found evidence of tholins, molecules that form whenever solar ultraviolet light interacts with substances such as ethane and methane. Tholins usually cause a reddish-brown color, which explains Makemake s color in observations. Originally designated 2005 FY9, Makemake is named after the god of fertility in Rapanui mythology.

23 MAKEMAKE Orbit Size around Sun Perihelion (closest) Aphelion (farthest) Orbit Period Orbit Circumference Average Orbit Velocity English: 4,214,975,546 miles Scientific Notation: x 10 1 A.U English: 3,524,373,028 miles Scientific Notation: x 10 1 A.U English: 4,905,578,065 miles Scientific Notation: x 10 1 A.U Earth years English: 26,304,829,280 miles Scientific Notation: x km English: 9,828 mph Scientific Notation: x 10 3 m/s Orbit Eccentricity Orbit Inclination Sidereal Rotation Period Earth Days

24 MAKEMAKE

25 HAUMEA Haumea was discovered in March 2003 at the Sierra Nevada Observatory in Spain. The official announcement of its discovery came in 2005, the same year its moons were discovered.

26 HAUMEA Oddly-shaped Haumea is one of the fastest rotating large objects in our solar system. It completes a turn on its axis every four hours. Haumea is roughly the same size as Pluto. It takes 285 Earth years for Haumea to make one orbit around our sun.

27 HAUMEA Originally designated 2003 EL61 Haumea is named for the Hawaiian goddess of childbirth and fertility. Its moons are named for daughters of Haumea. Hi'aka is the patron goddess of the island of Hawaii and of hula dancers. Namaka is a water spirit in Hawaiian mythology.

28 HAUMEA Orbit Size around Sun English: 3,996,666,630 miles Scientific Notation: x 10 1 A.U Perihelion (closest) English: 3,204,798,833 miles Scientific Notation: x 10 1 A.U Aphelion (farthest) English: 4,788,534,427 miles Scientific Notation: x 10 1 A.U. Orbit Period Earth years Orbit Circumference English: 24,863,503,575 miles Scientific Notation: x km Average Orbit Velocity English: 10,061 mph Scientific Notation: x 10 3 m/s

29 HAUMEA Orbit Eccentricity Orbit Inclination Sidereal Rotation Period Earth Days

30 HAUMEA

31 SEDNA Sedna is a large trans-neptunian object, which as of 2012 is about three times as far from the Sun as Neptune. Discovered: November 14, 2003 Orbital period: 11,400 years Discovery site: Palomar Observatory Discoverers: David L. Rabinowitz, Chad Trujillo, Michael E. Brown

32 SEDNA Sedna is estimated to be about three-quarters the size of Pluto and therefore the largest Solar System object found since Pluto in Sedna is named for the Inuit (Arctic) goddess of the sea.

33 SEDNA

34 BIBLIOGRAPHY "Astronomy Picture of the Day-Sedna of the Outer Solar System" APOD: 2004 March 16. Web. 26 Jan "Ceres: Overview." Solar System Exploration: Planets: Dwarf Planets: Ceres: Overview. Web. 27 Jan Dwarf Planets: Pluto: Overview." Pluto: Overview. Web. 27 Jan "Eris: Overview." Solar System Exploration: Planets: Dwarf Planets: Eris: Overview. Web. 29 Jan Haumea: Overview." Solar System Exploration: Planets: Dwarf Planets: Haumea: Overview. Web. 27 Jan "Makemake: Overview." Solar System Exploration: Planets: Dwarf Planets: Makemake: Overview. Web. 27 Jan "Solar System Exploration: Planets: Dwarf Planets: Overview." Solar System Exploration: Planets: Dwarf Planets: Overview. Web. 28 Jan

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