Copyright 2014, First Solar, Inc.

Transcription

1

2 INTRODUCTION & BACKGROUND MARKET OVERVIEW DESALINATION PROCESSES & TECHNOLOGIES PRESENTING PV-RO CASE STUDY KEY TAKEAWAYS 2

3 Water Emergency is Very Alarming Over 1 Billion People Have No Access to Clean Water One in nine people worldwide doesn t have access to improved sources of drinking water SINCE 1900 MORE THAN 11 MILLION PEOPLE DIED DUE TO DROUGHT Climate Change Energy & Water CRISIS PRESERVING OUR ECOSYSTEM 3

4 Water Availability Breakdown of Earth s Freshwater Reserves 96.5% 0.9% Oceans Other Saline Water Fresh Water 2.5% Glaciers & Ice Caps 68.7% Groundwater 30.1% More than two-third of earth s surface is covered with water Fresh Water 1.2% Most of the available water is seawater or icebergs in Polar Regions Ground Ice & Permafrost 69.0% About 97% of earth s water is salty and the rest is fresh water Less than 1% of fresh water is within human reach 0.26% 0.49% 2.6% Living Things River Swamps Lakes 20.9% Soil Moisture 3.8% Atmosphere 3.0% Source: Perlman, Howard,

5 Regions of Water Stress are the Ones Rich in Solar Irradiance Return Flow Ratio Global Horizontal Irradiation Sustainable seawater desalination relying on solar energy is the right approach Source: Gassert, Francis, et. al. (January 2013). Aqueduct Metadata Document 5

6 The Global Need for Water Desalination Top 15 Market Potential for Desalination in the World From The deployment of desalination plants has been led by MENA ~2,800 desalination plants produce 27M m³/day of water ~ 38% of the global capacity It is estimated that only 0.8% of global desalination capacity is currently supplemented by solar power Source: IRENA EA-ETSAP, 2012 & MEDAD Executive Summary,

7 INTRODUCTION & BACKGROUND MARKET OVERVIEW DESALINATION PROCESSES & TECHNOLOGIES PRESENTING PV-RO WHITE PAPER KEY TAKEAWAYS 7

8 Saudi Desalination Plants & Water Allocation Desalination Plants & Water Pipelines Source: SWCC Annual Report, 2012 and Solargis, 2013 KSA is a country of about 30 million people who are highly concentrated along the East & West coasts 8

9 The Global Need for Water Desalination Desalination Plants Energy Consumption, 2012 Weighted Average In October, 2012 Saline Water Conversion Corporation (SWCC) announced plans to establish three new solar powered desalination plants in Haqel, Dhuba and Farasan SWCC is the biggest producer of desalinated water worldwide, accounting for 18% of global output Source: KAUST, Volume 1,

10 Renewable and RO Market Analysis Overview Market in KSA Intent to Move to Renewable Energy Powering Desalination Source: German Aerospace Center (DLR),

11 Saudi Roll-out & Phases of Development King Abdullah Initiative for Solar Desalination PHASE I ( ) Building a desalination plant with a capacity of thirty thousand cubic meters per day (30,000m³/day) to meet the needs of one hundred thousand dweller of Al-Khafji City (Arabian Gulf). Power an RO Plane from a solar energy farm. PHASE II ( ) Building a desalination plant with a production capacity of three hundred thousand cubic meters per day (300,000m³/day) at a site that will be chosen later. The implementation period for this is three years, and will start after the completion of the first phase. PHASE III ( ) The implementation of several water desalination plants using solar energy in various locations of the Kingdom. This phase will start after the completion of second phase. 11

12 INTRODUCTION & BACKGROUND MARKET OVERVIEW DESALINATION PROCESSES & TECHNOLOGIES PRESENTING PV-RO WHITE PAPER KEY TAKEAWAYS 12

13 Overview of Desalination Technologies Two Broad Categories of Desalination Technologies 1. Thermal Desalination Technologies use heat to vaporize water Multi Stage Flash (MSF) Multi Effect Distillation (MED) Vapor Compression (VC) 2. Non-thermal Desalination Technologies use membrane based methods for water desalinations Reverse Osmosis (RO) Electrodialysis (ED) Common Desalination Technology Types MSF+MED = 84% of Production Share Reverse Osmosis = 16% of Production Share RO 16% MSF 69% MED 15% Almost 80% of the world s desalination capacity is provided by MSF & RO Source: KAUST, Volume 1,

14 RO Desalination Plant Feed Concentrate Product Membrane Permeate Carrier The Salinity Content > 41,000 PPM in Arabian Gulf & Red Sea Source: EA-ETSAP

15 RO Desalination Process Chlorination to control marine growth Sulphuric Acid, Coagulant (FeCI s ), Flocculation Antiscalant, Sodium Bisulphite, Causticsoda Potabilisation Chemicals Seawater Intake Screens & Pump Station Pre-treatment Filtration Desalination Reverse Osmosis (RO) Drinking Water Supply SEAWATER BYPASS Pre-treatment Waste Treatment Most of the Energy is Consumed Here Solids to Landfill Ocean Outlet Outline Chamber Source: EA-ETSAP

16 Renewable Desalination Technologies Solar Thermal Desalination Requires tremendous amount of water Photovoltaic Desalination Examples: Saudi Arabia (PV-RO, brackish water, 5 m³/d), & Japan (PV-ED, seawater, 10 m3/d) Wind Desalination Example: Canary Islands (Wind-RO, seawater, 5 50 m³/d) Geothermal Desalination Example: Milos Island Region, 1,920 m³/d Renewable Energy Powered Desalination Technologies WMVC 5% SolarMED 13% Solar MSF 6% Other 15% Wind RO 19% Hybrid 4% PV-RO 32% PV-ED 6% 40 % of the RES Desalination Plants are PV Driven 16

17 Solar Desalination Processes PV CSP RO ED MSF MED MCV Relative Power Requirements for Various Solar Desalination Processes Source: Technology Brief, IRENA

18 Water Consumption Relative to Different Power Generation Technologies CSP WET Cooling NUCLEAR COAL CSP DRY Cooling PV FIRST SOLAR PV Water Volume used by Different Generation Technologies to Produce 1Mwh of Power Each Drop Represents 100 Liters of Water Solar is How We Get it Done 18

19 PV-RO Process PV RO Stand-alone Desalination System PV solar panel PV solar panel PV Grid Connected Desalination System DC/AC Invertor AC GRID Charge regulator Storage batteries DC/AC Invertor Battery Battery controller Sea water intake Pretreatment storage High pressure pump Reverse Osmosis Membrane FRESH WATER Sea water intake Pretreatment storage Pressure pump Membrane FRESH WATER Energy recovery Energy recovery Source: Al- Karaghouli, 2010 REJECT PV-powered RO or ED systems are feasible and attractive solutions. Nowadays, there are commercially available PV powered standalone systems. REJECT 19

20 PV-ED Examples PV ED Stand-alone Desalination System FRESH WATER Post treatment Electrode Saline Feedwater Pre-treatment (if required) Low pressure circulation pump Electrode PV solar panel Charge regulator Storage batteries Concentrate discharge Source: Al- Karaghouli,

21 US $ per m 3 per day Water Desalination Cost Analysis $0.76 $0.02 $0.07 $0.10 $0.03 $0.24 Parts Chemicals Labor Membranes COST ANALYSIS Assume 30% electricity cost/m³ of water 6.5 /kwh = grid electricity cost + 10% Solar PV 13 /kwh Seawater RO $0.29 Electrical Energy Amortised Capex Blended cost: = 7.15 $/kwh (10% increase) ONLY 3% increase in water costs (Global Water Intelligence, Volume 11, Issue 9, September 2010) 21

22 INTRODUCTION & BACKGROUND MARKET OVERVIEW DESALINATION PROCESSES & TECHNOLOGIES PRESENTING PV-RO CASE WHITE STUDY PAPER KEY TAKEAWAYS 22

23 RESULTS - GRID CONNECTED SOLAR RO SYSTEMS HOMER Inputs CPV Dual-axis tracking CdTe I Fixed at 20.7 tilt CdTe II 1-axis tracking PV capital cost ($/kwdc) PV O&M cost ($/kwdc/year) Global Horizontal Irradiation (daily inputs) (total kwh/m2/yr) PV module dc efficiency (%) PV Lifetime (years) Grid purchase price ($/kwh) Grid selling price ($/kwh) Average RO Load (kw) Discount Rate (%) HOMER Outputs GHI (kwh/m2/yr) Global Irradiation on plane (kwh/m2/yr) LCOE Solar Electricity ($/kwh) LCOE Mix Electricity into RO ($/KWh) 1MW MW Both CdTe PV systems resulted in lower LCOE costs than CPV system; lower capital costs of PV systems CdTe PV performs better over the CPV designs as tracking errors, atmospheric dust and dust accumulation would have a greater effect on the 2-axis beam New Prospects for PV Powered Water Desalination Plants: Case studies in Saudi Arabia Vasilis Fthenakis et al. 23

24 Water Production Cost in $/m³ PV Electricity Costs ($/m 3 ) is Lower for PV CdTe Modules than CPV $1.45 $1.40 Total Water Production Costs for 6,550 m³/day RO Desalination 1.42 $1.35 $1.30 $1.25 $ $1.15 $1.10 CPV 1MW CPV 1MW CPV 3MW CdTe Lat-Tilt CdTe 1MW CdTe CdTe Axis Tracking CdTe 1MW Lat-Tilt Lat-Tilt 1MW 3MW 1-Axis Tracking 1MW 1-Axis Tracking 3MW CdTe PV has Lower LCOE 24

25 Power Accounts for 20% of Water Production Cost for RO Desalination Water Production Cost Breakdown for 6,550 M3 / day RO Desalination Powered by a 3MW CdTe PV Plant Management 3% Labor 8% Material 9% Insurance 4% PV System O&M Costs 3% Annualized Capital of RO Plant 56% Power 20% Net Grid Purchases 4% PV System Capital Costs 13% 25

26 Greenough River Solar Desalination Farm, Western Australia Owners EPC Contractor Size CO₂e Displacement ANNUALLY Verve Energy & GE Energy Financial Services First Solar 10MW (AC) Modules 152,880 Angles Mounting Tilt: 20 Azimuth: 0 North 20,00 metrictons over 4,000 cars off the road 26

27 INTRODUCTION & BACKGROUND MARKET OVERVIEW DESALINATION PROCESSES & TECHNOLOGIES PRESENTING PV-RO CASE STUDY KEY TAKEAWAYS 27

28 PV-RO Potential in ME If half the desalination capacity is RO and PV satisfies 44% of the annual load of each RO plant, PV-RO power plants have potential to annually: Displace 120 MILLION barrels of diesel fuel in KSA Reduce by 51.5 million tons in KSA 2 BILLION barrels of diesel fuel Displace Reduce by 832 million in ME region tons in ME region By integrating PV powered-desalination plants, freshwater demand in arid and sunny regions could be met cost-effectively, while reducing air pollution from combustion. 28

29