COP22 Side-Event Sustainable Together: the Water-Energy-Food Nexus

Transcription

1 COP22 Side-Event Sustainable Together: the Water-Energy-Food Nexus Solar Water Desalination as a Nexus solution Marrakech, Morocco, 11 th of November, 2016 Jürgen Kern, kernenergien GmbH the solar power company

2 Global Water Scarcity 4

3 Global Potential for Solar Power Global Potential 3,000,000 TWh/y Global Demand 18,000 TWh/y 5

4 Solar energy desalination matching Primary Energy Solar Form of Energy Technology Thermal Collector Electric PV cell Desalination Stills MED MSF MD HD ED RO MED: Multi-Effect Distillation RO: Reserve Osmosis MSF: Multi-Stage Flash ED: Electrodialysis MD: Membrane Distillation HD: Humidification- Dehumidification 7

5 Reverse Osmosis (RO) Membrane Desalination Membrane stacks High pressure pumps Source: Mertes, DME 8

6 Multi Stage Flash Desalination (MSF) Umm Al Nar, Saudi Arabia Al Khobar, Saudi Arabia 9

7 Multi Effect Desalination (MED) Aquasol - Spain Abutaraba Libya Fujairah II IWPP - UAE Solar Desalination 1988 High Efficiency 14 stages Plataforma Solar Almeria VEOLIA / SIDEM units of 13,333 m³/d GECOL, Libya Sidem JV units of 38,640 m³/d ADWEA, Abu Dhabi 10

8 SolarDesalMENA Overview of Solar Seawater Desalination in the MENA Region kernenergien GmbH the solar power company for GIZ GmbH within the project Politkdialog und Wissensmanagement zu Niedrigemissionsstrategien, insbesondere zu erneuerbaren Energien, in der MENA Region [DIAPOL CE] 11

9 Comparison of Desalination Technologies Property Unit MSF MED TVC SWRO Typical size m³/day < 90,000 < 38,000 < 38,000 scalable Operation temp. C < 110 < 70 < 70 ambient Electrical energy cons. kwh el /m³ Thermal energy cons. kwh th /m³ > 80 > Total el. energy cons. kwh el /m³ Product water quality ppm (1-pass) 150 (2-passes) 13

10 Barriers of implementation of solar desalination Economic barriers lack of financial resources and/or missing know-how how to enter properly new markets. in-depth market analyses are not available. Institutional barriers subsidies in the water and power sector are responsible for an unfair competition between conventional and renewable technologies. bureaucratic structures are not adapted for independent water producers. Social / other barriers negative perception of desalination by the population and water authorities (i.e. preference for conventional technologies, centralized solutions) 14

11 Analyzed Configurations CSP/MED: GOR 12 - parabolic trough - steam to the MED 70 C. The base load el. gen. from the CSP plant is fed into the local grid. CSP/RO coast: once-through cooling - For better comparability, the CSP plant is designed in order to generate the same net electricity amount as in the previous case. CSP/RO inland: the CSP plant is equipped with a dry cooling. PV+Diesel/RO: The continuous operation of the plant is guaranteed by the fossil backup (diesel motor). PV/RO Solar Only: the operation of the desalination plant is intermittent. PV+Battery/RO Solar Only: the RO operation time is extended by a Li-Ion batteries with 3 full load hour capacity. The RO operation is intermittent. PV/RO grid: similar to case 4 (PV+Diesel).The main difference is that the backup electricity is provided by the grid. 16

12 Water Production Cost [ /m³] Levelized Water Costs (LWC) Comparison Annual Capital cost [ /m³] O&M cost [ /m³] Electricity cost [ /m³] Heat cost [ /m³] 3,00 2,50 2,00 1,50 1,00 0,50 0,00 17

13 Sensitivity Analysis of LWC 18

14 The Water Gap in MENA: Morocco Rising demand and limited resources Rising water demand urban supply industry agriculture Limited resources surface water groundwater Unmet Demand efficiency gains wastewater reuse > desalination MENA Water Outlook, April 2011 by FutureWater 20

15 Desalination Potential in MENA region: Morocco: Water supply scenarios Efficiency Gains Unsustainable Extractions Solar Desalination Conventional Desalination Wastewater Reuse Surface Water Extractions Groundwater Extractions Total Demand BaU World Bank MENA Regional Water Outlook: Part II: Desalination using Renewable Energy, March

16 Energy-Water-Food Nexus considerations Agriculture (food) needs water, water needs energy: Water Resources and Availability in Morocco: Surface Water: available in the North, but limited Groundwater: available, but limited Desalination: last resort, in southern provinces Economics: Pumping: ~0.1 /m³ (Butane, Diesel, PV) Conv. Desalination: /m³ (fossil prices may rise!) Solar Desalination: /m³ Agricultural and Environmental Aspects: Water quality (salinity) : RO! 22

17 Desalination and the Energy System Desalination plants are operated more or less continuous: Pre-Treatment: Filtering, Antiscaling, Antifoaming, Antifoaling Post-Treatment: Extract above, Heavy Metals, Concentrate Reduce operation cycles to enhance durability (esp. RO) Need continuous energy for the water process (pumps, ) remote / standalone no impact on existing and future electricity system grid-connected additional base-load capacity needed with a high share of RE more storage options are needed 23

18 EU FP7 MED-CSD Project Combined solar power and desalination plants: Technico-economic potential in Mediterranean partner countries (MED-CSD) Funded under 7th FWP (Seventh Framework Programme) Research area: ENERGY Using CSP for water desalination Duration: June 2008 May 2010 Project partner: 25

19 Direct Normal Insolation in EU-MENA and GCC MED-CSD Sites Annual Sum of DNI for the year

20 The MENA Water Outlook Project Project supported by the World Bank In collaboration with Governments in the MENA Countries Objectives: review of desalination potential in combination with CSP development of a water supply scenario for MENA 27

21 Publications The World Bank 28

22 Contact kernenergien GmbH the solar power company Jürgen Kern Managing Director Leinfeldener Straße 56 A Stuttgart Germany j.kern@kernenergien.de T Deutsche Gesellschaft für International Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH Katharina Hay Project DIAPOL CE* Dag-Hammarskjöld-Weg Eschborn Germany katharina.hay@giz.de * within the project Politkdialog und Wissensmanagement zu Niedrigemissionsstrategien, insbesondere zu erneuerbaren Energien, in der MENA Region 29