Linear Color Coordinates are Measurable (X Y Z ) Color Management CIE-XYZ as a Universal Standard. Linear Color Coordinates are Comparable (X Y Z )
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1 Linear Color Coordinates are Measurable (X Y Z ) Color Management CIE-XYZ as a Universal Standard Linear Color Coordinates are Comparable (X Y Z )
2 Chromaticity defined in Polar Coordinates Given a reference white. Dominant Wavelength - wavelength of the spectral color which added to the reference white, produces the given color. Complementary Wavelength - wavelength of the spectral color which added to the given color, produces the reference white. Excitation Purity - the ratio of the lengths between the given color and reference white and between the dominant wavelength light and reference white. Ranges between Dominant/complimentary Wavelength Relationship between HSV and XYZ Y vs V : Luminance (intensity) vs Brightness (Lightness) Luminance I1 I1 I1 < I2, I1 = I2 I2 I purity reference white Equal intensity steps: Equal brightness steps:
3 Weber s Law Munsell lines of constant Hue and Chroma. 0.5 In general, I needed for just noticable difference (JND) over background I was found to satisfy: I I = constant y (I is intensity, I is change in intensity) Weber s Law: Perceived Brightness = log (I) 0.1 Value =1/ x MacAdam Ellipses of JND (Just Noticable difference) 0.8 Perceived Brightness Intensity y (Ellipses scaled by 10) x
4 The transformation from XYZ space to perceptual space is Non Linear: Linear approximation defined by CIE: CIE Uniform Chromaticity Scale (UCS) : U = 2 X 3 V = Y U V W CIE- UVW Coordinates = W = -X + 3Y + Z X Y Z v Munsell lines of constant hue and chroma plotted in CIE-uv coordinates: u Value =1/ CIE-uv Chromaticity Coordinates: u = v = 4x -2x + 12y + 3 6y -2x + 12y + 3
5 Perceptual Color Spaces The transformation from XYZ space to perceptual space is Non Linear: Munsell lines of constant hue and chroma plotted in CIE- L * u * v * Coordinates: Value =5/ CIE- L * a * b * Coordinates a * = 500 [ (X/X 0 ) 1/3 - (Y/Y 0 ) 1/3 ] b * = 200 [ (X/X 0 ) 1/3 - (Z/Z 0 ) 1/3 ] L * = 116(Y/Y 0 ) 1/3-16 for Y/Y 0 > (Y/Y 0 ) otherwise X 0 Y 0 Z 0 = coordinates of reference white CIE- L * u * v * Coordinates u * = 13 L * (u -u 0 ) v * = 13 L * (1.5v -v 0 ) L * = 116(Y/Y 0 ) 1/3-16 for Y/Y 0 > (Y/Y 0 ) otherwise u 0 v 0 Y 0 = coordinates of reference white u = u v = 1.5 v v * u * MacAdam Ellipses of JND plotted in CIE- L * u * v * Coordinates: v * u * 200
6 Measuring Color Differences Image Retrieval - Image Database e 2 = L *2 + a * 2 + b * 2 e 2 = L *2 + u * 2 + v * 2 e = 3 visually indistiguishable e = 5 acceptable error (most printers) e = 10 bad e = 15 unacceptable Luminance I1 I1 I2 error for I1 : e = error for I2 : e = 4.64 I2 Distances should be measured in Perceptual Color space.
7 Opponent Colors Ewald Hering (1905) - Pure colors R G B Y. No such colors greenish-red, yellowish-blue Boynton & Gordon (1965) - With R G B Y can categorize all visible hues. Jameson & Hurvich (1955, 1957) - Hue Cancellation Experiments Hue Cancellation Experiment test light cancelling light Why Opponent process? A: Efficient Encoding. Relative sensitivity M-cone absorption Cone Spectral Sensitivity 1 S M L Wavelength (nm) L and M cone sensitivities are highly correlated. Cone responses to several Natural SPDs : L-cone absorption S-cone absorption M-cone absorption
8 Decorrelation: O 1 O 2 O 3 = R G B Spectral sensitivity of three decorrelating signals: Opponent Color Space + 1 Blue-Yellow Red-Green Black-White
9 Opponent Color Space black-white + + blue-yellow - + red-green - -
10 YIQ - Color Space NTSC = National Television Systems Committee Y = luminance I = red-green Q = blue-yellow Y I Q = R G B R G B are the CIE-RGB
11 Subtractive Color System - CMYK Original Y - Blur Printer Dyes: Cyan = removes red Magenta = removes green Yellow = removes blue black = removes all Ideal block dyes: cyan magenta yellow I - Blur Q - Blur transmit B G R B G R B G R
12 Opponent Color Wheel Multiplicative (Subtractive) Color System red = magenta + yellow B G R magenta * B G R yellow = B G R red Additive primaries Subtractive Primaries B G R red = magenta + yellow green = cyan + yellow blue = magenta + cyan R
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14 Cyan - controls amount of red in print: low C = high R (also high G and B) high C = low R (high G and B) cyan B G R R G B High density cyan R G B Medium density cyan R G B Low density cyan
15 CMY + Black C + M + Y = K (black) Using three inks for black is expensive C+M+Y = dark brown not black Black instead of C+M+Y is crisper with more contrast. Undercolor removal - (gray component replacement) = C M Y K C M Y
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18 Color Spaces - Summary RGB space - Additive space used for CRT, Color Image representation CIE-XYZ Tristimulus Coordinates - Device Independent, Universal standard CIE-Lab - Perceptual Space, used for image quality, Image Metric (distance measure). YIQ - Opponent Space, used for color television broadcast. HSV - Perceptual Digitized Space, used for Human Interactive Painting. CMYK - Subtractive Space used for ink and dyes (printing). All these color spaces are 3D. There are conversions from one space to the other.
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