SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION. many parts of the country. With the use of high analysis fertilizers and increasing

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1 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION Importance of copper in increasing agricultural production has been realized in many parts of the country. With the use of high analysis fertilizers and increasing consciousness of using heavy doses due to increased facility of irrigation and exhaustive cropping over years, a heavy depletion of copper may occur like other micronutrients. The soil that applied enough copper until recently may be inadequate in supplying copper to obtain optimum yield. The chemical fertilizers commonly used for supplying major plant nutrients are likely to encourage or depress the copper availability and therefore the knowledge of impact of N and P fertilization on copper nutrition of crops is desirable. Keeping these in view present investigations was under taken at Amar Singh College, lakhaoti (Bulandshahar) during rabi season of The salient findings are summarized below. Response of wheat Cultivars to copper The grain and straw yield of all the wheat Cultivars increased significantly with copper application. The effect was limited up to 5 kg Cu ha -1, beyond which the response showed declining trend in yield of all the four Cultivars. On the basis of percent grain yield response due to applied Cu the wheat Cultivars may be arranged as Raj-3765>PBW-343>U.P.-2425>PBW-502. The interaction (Cu level x wheat 127

2 Cultivars) also had a significantly beneficial effect on grain and straw production of wheat Cultivars in both the years of study. The wheat Cultivars UP-2425 contained maximum amount of protein. But Cultivar PBW 343 produced maximum amounts protein in both crop seasons. Copper application had an effect on protein content but protein yield increased in wheat. The interaction effect was non-significant. The wheat Cultivar UP 2425 contained highest amount of nitrogen in its grain and straw in both the crop seasons. Copper application significantly decreased the nitrogen content in grain and straw of different Cultivars but interaction (Cu x Cultivars) did not affect the N content significantly in both crop seasons. The maximum and minimum values of P content were recorded in grain and straw of Raj-3765 and PWB-502, respectively. The phosphorus content decreased significantly due to addition of Cu upto 10 kg Cu ha -1 but was not affected significantly with (Cu and Cultivars) interaction. The Cultivar effect on k contained in grain and straw was non-significant and Cultivar Raj-3765 contained the maximum amount of K in its grain and straw potassium content in grain and straw of wheat Cultivars decreased significantly with copper application potassium content was not affected significantly by interaction between copper levels and wheat Cultivars. Wheat Cultivar UP-2425 accumulated the highest amount of S in grain and straw. Increasing levels of applied Cu decreased the sulphur content in Cultivars. But the interaction effect was non-significant. The grain and straw of wheat Cultivar UP- 128

3 2425 contained the maximum average amount of copper. Copper application had a significant beneficial effect on its content in grains and straw of Cultivars. The interaction effect was non-significant. The wheat Cultivar PBW 343 removed significantly higher amounts of N from the soil over other Cultivars. Nitrogen uptake by Cultivars increased significantly with copper application in both the crop seasons. Interaction effect was nonsignificant. The wheat Cultivar PWB 343 utilized the higher amounts of phosphorus than those of other Cultivars. Copper at higher levels resulted in decreased phosphorus removal by the Cultivars. Interaction effect was non-significant in crop seasons. The minimum values of potassium uptake were recorded in wheat Cultivar PBW 502. Potassium uptake increased significantly with lower level of copper application during both the years. The interaction did not affect the K uptake significantly. The lower values of S uptake were recorded in wheat Cultivar PBW 502. The sulphur uptake by Cultivars decreased significantly by copper in both crop seasons. The interaction did not affect the S uptake significantly by wheat crop. The maximum values of copper uptake were recorded in UP 2425 Cultivar. Copper uptake increased significantly with copper application during both the years. The interaction did not affect the Cu uptake significantly. Response of wheat to copper in relation to nitrogen 129

4 Application of nitrogen at all the levels increased the grain and straw yield of wheat significantly. Increase in the level of applied copper up to 5 kg ha -1 also increased the grain and straw of wheat significantly. Under combined effect of N and Cu, the highest grain and straw yields of wheat during both the years of study were obtained by the application of 150 kg N and 5 kg Cu ha -1 treatment in both crop seasons. Protein percentage in grain and straw and protein yield of grain increased significantly with nitrogen application. Copper application tended to decreases the protein content but protein yield increased with lower level of copper. The interaction effect did not affect the protein content and yield significantly in both crop seasons. The nitrogen content of grain and straw of wheat increased significantly with an increase in the dose of nitrogen and decreased consistently as the level of copper application increased. The interaction (N x Cu) did not affect the nitrogen content in wheat crop significantly both crop seasons. The phosphorus content of grain and straw of wheat increased significantly with increasing levels of nitrogen. Phosphorus content, with increasing levels of nitrogen. Phosphorus content, on the other hand decreased significantly with the application of copper. Interaction (N x Cu) did not affect the phosphorus content in wheat crop significantly in both crop seasons. 130

5 The potassium content in wheat grain and straw improved significantly with N level in both crop the years. On the other hand K content decreased with level of copper. However the interaction effect was not significant. Sulphur content in wheat grain and straw decreased with copper application and increased with applied nitrogen. Interaction effect of N and Cu was non-significant. The copper content in wheat grain and straw increased with increasing levels of copper. On the other hand, nitrogen application tended to decrease the copper content. The interaction effects were non significant level in both crop seasons. The nitrogen uptake by grain and straw of wheat increased significantly with its application but was not affected significantly with levels of copper. The combined effects of N and Cu on the uptake of nitrogen by wheat crop was found to be non significant. The uptake of by wheat grain and straw increased with nitrogen levels significantly in both the crop seasons. On the other hands P uptake decreased significantly with higher levels of copper. The interaction effect of N and Cu on the uptake of phosphorus was found to be non significant. The uptake of potassium by grain and straw increased significantly with n levels in both the crop seasons. Application of Cu on the other hand did not affect the K 131

6 uptake by grain and straw significantly. Interaction did not affect the utilization of potassium by wheat crop significantly in both crop seasons. Copper uptake by wheat grain and straw increased significantly with the addition of copper. Nitrogen application tended to increase the uptake of Cu by wheat crop. Interaction effect was non significant in both crop seasons. Response of wheat to copper in relation to phosphorus Application of phosphorus increased the grain and straw yield of wheat significantly over control in both crop seasons. Increase in the level of applied Cu upto 10 kg Cu ha -1 increased the grain and Cu the highest grain and straw yields during both the years of study were obtained by the applications of 90 kg P2O5 and 5 Cu ha -1 treatment. There was a significant increase in content and yields of protein with P application over control in both crop seasons. On the other hand protein content tended to decreased with copper application. But there was a significant increase in protein yield with copper application. The interaction effect was non-significant in both crop seasons. The nitrogen content of grain and straw of wheat increased significant with increasing levels of phosphorus and decreased with copper application over control in both crop seasons. Interaction (P X Cu) did not affect the nitrogen content in 132

7 wheat crop significantly. The phosphorus content of grain and straw increased significantly with its application and decreased consistently as the level of copper application increased interaction (P X Cu) did not affect the P content in wheat crop significantly in both crop seasons. The potassium content of wheat grain and straw increased with P application and decreased significantly with copper application over control in both crop seasons. Interaction (P X Cu) did not affect the K content significantly. The sulphur content of grain and straw increased significantly over control in both crop seasons. On the other hand copper addition tended to decrease the S content non- significantly over control. Interaction (P X Cu) did not affect the sulphur content in wheat crop significantly. The copper content of grain and straw increased with its application and decreased significantly as the level of P increased. The combined effect of P and Cu on copper content of grain and straw was found to be non significant. The nitrogen uptake by grain and straw of wheat increased significantly with P application over control in both crop seasons. Nitrogen uptake increased upto 5 kg Cu ha-1 and thereafter decreased at higher level of copper. The interaction effect of p and Cu on nitrogen uptake by wheat crop was found to be non significant in both crop seasons. The uptake of P by wheat grain and straw increased with its application significantly over control in both crop seasons. On the other hand, P uptake 133

8 decreased non- significantly with higher levels of Cu applications. The interaction effect of P and Cu on the uptake of phosphorus by wheat crop was found to be non significant. Phosphorus levels increased but copper application decreased the K uptake by wheat grain and straw. But combined effect of these two elements (P X Cu) did not have any significantly effect on K uptake by wheat crop in both crop seasons. The sulphur uptake by wheat grain and straw increased with P and decreased with higher level of copper application. The lower levels of Cu increased S uptake by wheat crop. The combined effect of P and Cu on the uptake of sulphur by wheat crop was found to be non-significantly in the both crop seasons. Copper uptake by wheat grain and straw increased significantly with its application in both the crop seasons. The higher levels of phosphorus application did not affect the Cu uptake by grain and straw of wheat. The interactive effect of P and Cu on the uptake of copper by wheat crop was found to be non-significant. 134

9 Conclusion Application of copper favored the yield of grain and straw of various wheat Cultivars. Application of copper enhanced significantly the uptake of copper and decreased those of NPK and sulphur by wheat Cultivars. Among the four wheat Cultivars tried, were Cultivar Raj 3765 and PBW 343 found to show the best results in respect of yield, content and uptake of nutrients. Wheat crop responded significantly to the application of N and Cu. The magnitude of response was more marked with N than with Cu addition. Nitrogen and Cu had significantly effect on content and uptake of nutrients by wheat crop. Copper had antagonistic effect on P and S content. The uptake of N and Cu improved with their application. Application of Cu and P increased significantly the grain and straw yield of wheat. Higher the amount of Cu and P applied higher was the concentration and uptake of the two elements in plants.application of one the two nutrients depressed the concentrations of the other nutrients in the crop. Application of P tended to reduce the Cu content indicating an antagonistic effect. The content and uptake of other nutrients were affected by P and Cu application. These results indicate that in sandy loam soils of Bulandshahr. Copper could be yield limiting nutrient in near future. 135