Muscles of the Head and Neck. Lab #15. 6 Muscle Groups of the Head and Neck. The Axial Muscles. 6 Muscle Groups of the Head and Neck

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1 Lab #15 Muscles of the Head and Neck Muscles The Axial Muscles Divisions based on location and function: muscles of head and neck muscles of vertebral column oblique and rectus muscles muscles of pelvic floor 6 Muscle Groups of the Head and Neck 1. Muscles of facial expression: originate on skull 2. Extrinsic (outside) eye muscles: (don t need to know) 6 Muscle Groups of the Head and Neck 3. Muscles of mastication: move the mandible 4. Muscles of the tongue: names end in glossus (FYI) 5. Muscles of the pharynx: begin swallowing process (FYI) 6. Anterior muscles of the neck: control position of larynx depress the mandible support tongue and pharynx Muscles of Facial Expression Orbicularis oris: constricts the mouth opening Buccinator: moves food around the cheeks Corrugator supercilli wrinkles forehead Orbicularis oculi sphincter of eye 1

2 Others Zygomaticus pull skin of mouth up and out when smiling Levator labii superiorus raises upper lip Depressor labii inferiorus pouting muscle Muscles of the Epicranium (Scalp) Temporoparietalis Occipitofrontalis: frontal and occipital bellies separated by epicranial aponeurosis Platysma: covers anterior surface of neck Muscles of Facial Expression Muscles of Facial Expression Figure 11 4a Figure 11 4b Summary: Muscles of Facial Expression Summary: Muscles of Facial Expression Table 11 2 (1 of 2) Table 11 2 (2 of 2) 2

3 3 Muscles of Mastication Muscles of Mastication Masseter: the strongest jaw muscle Temporalis: helps lift the mandible Pterygoid muscles (FYI): position mandible for chewing Figure 11 6 Summary: Muscles of Mastication Don t need to know any of these Muscles of the Tongue Table 11 4 Figure 11 7 Muscles of the Neck Anterior Muscles of the Neck Digastric: from chin to hyoid also hyoid to mastoid Platysma: covers anterior surface of neck Sternocleidomastoid: from clavicle and sternum to mastoid Figure

4 Summary: Anterior Muscles of the Neck Table 11 7 Muscles of the chest and abdomen Lab 19: Muscles of the chest and abdomen Remember: if it s not on the list, you don t have to locate it or write about it in the lab report Muscles to know pectoralis major serratus anterior intercostals (external, internal) diaphragm rectus abdominus obliques (external, internal) transverse abdominus trapezius latissimus dorsi splenius capitus Oblique and rectus muscles Lie within the body wall Generally: obliques groups are lateral rectus muscles lie on the anterior midline 4

5 Oblique and Rectus Muscles Oblique muscles: compress underlying structures rotate vertebral column Rectus muscles: flex vertebral column oppose erector spinae Cervical Oblique Muscles FYI: Cervical region: scalene muscles flex the neck Oblique and Rectus Muscles of the Thoracic region Thoracic Oblique Muscles Thoracic region: intercostal muscles (external and internal intercostals): respiratory movements of ribs FYI:transversus thoracis: cross inner surface of ribs Figure 11 11a, b Thoracic Rectus Group Diaphragmatic muscle or diaphragm: divides thoracic and abdominal cavities performs respiration Oblique and Rectus Muscles of the Abdominopelvic region Figure 11 11a, c 5

6 Abdominopelvic Oblique Muscles Abdominopelvic region (same pattern as thoracic): external oblique muscles internal oblique muscles Transversus abdominis deep to internals Rectus Group -Abdominopelvic Rectus abdominis: between xiphoid process and pubic symphysis divided longitudinally by linea alba divided transversely by tendinous inscriptions Summary: Oblique and Rectus Muscles Muscles that Position the Pectoral Girdle Table 11 9 (1 of 2) Figure 11 14b Muscles that Position the Pectoral Girdle (1 of 3) Trapezius: HUGE superficial covers back and neck to base of skull inserts on clavicles and scapular spines Muscles that Position the Pectoral Girdle (2 of 3) Rhomboid and levator scapulae: deep to trapezius attach to cervical and thoracic vertebrae insert on scapular border 6

7 Muscles that Position the Pectoral Girdle (3 of 3) Serratus anterior: on the chest originates along ribs inserts on anterior scapular margin serrated Summary: Muscles that Position the Pectoral Girdle Tables the Arm the Arm (1 of 3) Deltoid: the major abductor of arm Supraspinatus: assists deltoid Subscapularis and teres major: produce medial rotation at shoulder Figure 11 15b the Arm (2 of 3) Infraspinatus: produce lateral rotation at shoulder the Arm (3 of 3) Pectoralis major: between anterior chest and greater tubercle of humerus produces flexion at shoulder joint Latissimus dorsi: between thoracic vertebrae and humerus produces extension at shoulder joint 7

8 Shoulder flexion vs extension Pecs and portion of delts Lats and portion of delts The Rotator Cuff Muscles involved in shoulder rotation supraspinatus, subscapularis, infraspinatus, teres minor,and their tendons Muscles that Position the Pectoral Girdle Rhomboid and levator scapulae: deep to trapezius attach to cervical and thoracic vertebrae insert on scapular border Also saw trapezius and serratus anterior Muscles of the shoulders, arm, and hand Muscles to know the Arm supraspinatus infraspinatus subscapularis teres major rhomboid levator scapulae deltoid biceps brachii brachialis triceps brachii flexor carpi radialis flexor carpi ulnaris flexor digitorum sup. extensor carpi ulnaris extensor digitorum extensor carpi radialis brachioradialis Figure 11 15a 8

9 the Arm the Arm (1 of 3) Deltoid: the major abductor Supraspinatus: assists deltoid Subscapularis and teres major: produce medial rotation at shoulder Figure 11 15b the Arm (2 of 3) Infraspinatus: produce lateral rotation at shoulder the Arm (3 of 3) Pectoralis major: between anterior chest and greater tubercle of humerus produces flexion at shoulder joint Latissimus dorsi: between thoracic vertebrae and humerus produces extension at shoulder joint The Rotator Cuff Muscles involved in shoulder rotation supraspinatus, subscapularis, infraspinatus, teres minor,and their tendons Summary: the Arm Table

10 Muscles that Position the Pectoral Girdle Rhomboid and levator scapulae: deep to trapezius attach to cervical and thoracic vertebrae insert on scapular border the Forearm and Hand Originate on humerus and insert on forearm Exceptions: the major flexor (biceps brachii) the major extensor (triceps brachii) Extensors and Flexors Extensors: mainly on posterior and lateral surfaces of arm Flexors: mainly on anterior and medial surfaces the Forearm and Hand Biceps brachii: flexes elbow stabilizes shoulder joint originates on scapula and humerus inserts on radial tuberosity the Forearm and Hand Triceps brachii: extends elbow originates on scapula (three spots) inserts on olecranon Brachialis and brachioradialis: assist in flexing elbow (synergists) the Forearm and Hand -Extensors Figure 11 16a 10

11 the Forearm and Hand - Flexors the Forearm and Hand Flexor carpi ulnaris: superficial flexes wrist adducts wrist Figure 11 16b the Forearm and Hand Flexor carpi radialis: superficial flexes wrist abducts wrist the Forearm and Hand Extensor carpi radialis: superficial extends wrist abducts wrist the Forearm and Hand Extensor carpi ulnaris: superficial extends wrist adducts wrist Figure 11 16a 11

12 Summary: Muscles that Move the Forearm and Hand Figure 11 16b Table (1 of 2) Muscles to know Muscles of the Pelvis, Leg and Foot psoas major iliacus gluteus maximus gluteus medius sartorius quadriceps femoris (4) gracilus adductor longus biceps femoris semitendinosis semimembranosus tibialis anterior ext hallucis longus ext digitorum longus fibularis (peroneus) longus gastrocnemius soleus flexor hallucis longus flexor digitorum longus Muscles of the Pelvis and Lower Limbs Pelvic girdle is tightly bound to axial skeleton: permits little movement has few muscles Muscles that Position the Lower Limbs 1. Muscles that move the thigh 2. Muscles that move the leg 3. Muscles that move the foot and toes 12

13 Generally Muscles that are lateral are abductors Muscles that are medial are adductors flexors are on inner surface of joint extensors are on outer surface of joint the Thigh Gluteal muscles Lateral rotators Adductors Iliopsoas group Note: in legs and feet, look at each joint individually (cf. arms) Muscles of hip and thigh psoas major iliacus gluteus maximus gluteus medius adductor longus Gluteal Muscles (1 of 2) Cover lateral surfaces of ilia Gluteus maximus: largest, most posterior gluteal muscle produces extension and lateral rotation at hip Originates on illiac crest, etc., inserts on illiotibial tract and femur Gluteal Muscles (2 of 2) the Thigh Gluteus medius and [gluteus minimus]: originate anterior to gluteus maximus insert on trochanter of femur Figure 11 19a, b 13

14 the Thigh Adductors Adductor longus: hip flexion and adduction Gracilis (UPPER LEG): hip flexion and adduction Figure 11 19c, d Iliopsoas group 2 hip flexors insert on the same tendon: psoas major originates on lumbar vetebrae, inserts on femur iliacus originates on illium/fossa Summary: Muscles that Move the Thigh Table (1 of 2) Summary: Muscles that Move the Thigh the Leg Flexorsof the knee: originate on the pelvic girdle generally: hamstrings Extensors of the knee: originate on the femoral surface insert on the patella generally: quads Table (2 of 2) 14

15 Flexors of the Knee Biceps femoris Semimembranosus Semitendinosus Sartorius: originates superior to the acetabulum long, ribbon-like muscle traverses the quads and wraps around to the back of the knee Hamstrings Made up of: biceps femoris (long and short heads) semimembranosus semitendinosus All are knee flexors the Leg Extensors of the Knee 4 muscles of the quadriceps femoris: 3 vastus muscles: vastus lateralis vastus medialis vastus intermedius rectus femoris muscle Figure 11 20a the Leg Summary: Muscles that Move the Leg Figure 11 20b, c Table (1 of 2) 15

16 Summary: Muscles that Move the Leg the Foot and Toes Extrinsic muscles that move the foot and toes include: muscles that produce extension at the ankle (Plantar flexion) muscles that produce flexion at the ankle muscles that produce extension at the toes muscles that produce flexion at the toes Table (2 of 2) Muscles that Produce Extension at the Ankle (Plantar flexion) Calf muscles Large posterior calf muscles, both insert on Achilles): Gastrocnemius Soleus the Foot and Toes Fibularis longus Figure 11 21a, b the Foot and Toes The Achilles Tendon The calcaneal tendon (Achilles tendon): shared by the gastrocnemius and soleus Figure 11 21c, d 16

17 Muscles that Produce Flexion at the Ankle Tibialis anterior: opposes the gastrocnemius the Foot and Toes Figure 11 21a, b the Foot and Toes Muscles that Produce Extension at the Toes Extensor digitorum longus Extensor hallucis longus Toe extensors are on top of foot Note: there are no muscles in toes themselves (only tendons) Figure 11 21c, d The Intrinsic Muscles of the Foot Muscles that Produce Flexion at the Toes Flexor digitorum longus Flexor hallucis longus: oppose the extensors Toe flexors are on bottom of foot Figure 11 22a 17

18 The Intrinsic Muscles of the Foot Summary: Muscles that Move the Foot and Toes Figure 11 22b, c Table Lab 15 This is a huge lab (it covers ~3-4 labs worth of material) Due on day of practical (11/22) 18