INTRODUCTION TO CHEMISTRY

Transcription

1 INTRODUCTION TO CHEMISTRY BY AHMAD NASIR SAJI LESTARI CHEMISTRY LABORATORY 1

2 UNDERSTANDING CHEMISTRY SCIENTIFIC STUDY OF THE PROPERTIES, COMPOSITION AND STRUCTURE OF SUBTANCES FOUND AROUND US. EGYPTIAN MEANS TO EXTRACT (PROCESS) GOLD, SILVER AND COPPER FROM EARTH. GREEKS ALCHEMY, BORROWED FROM EGYPTIAN. ARABIAN AL-KIMI-YA, WHICH MEANS BLACK SOIL FROM THE NILE THE KNOWLEDGE OF MATTER ENGLISH MODIFIED ALCHEMY TO CHEMISTRY. ENGLISH SCIENTIST (ROBERT BOYLE, ), WAS FOUNDER OF MODERN CHEMISTRY WHEN HE PUBLISHED A BOOK THE SCEPTICAL CHEMISTS. HE DESCRIBED THE PROPERTIES OF ELEMENTS, COMPOUND AND MIXTURES CLEARLY. 2

3 THE WORLD AROUND US MADE UP OF MATTER. THE SIMPLEST OF WHICH IS TERMED ELEMENT. 116 ELEMENTS HAVE BEEN IDENTIFIED BY CHEMIST. SOME BEEN CREATED BY MAN THROUGH TRANSMUTATION EXAMPLE : THE HUMAN BODY, FOOD, AIR, MEDICINES AND CLOTHES ARE MADE UP OF CHEMICAL SUBTANCES MANY SUBTANCES ARE PRODUCED BY MAN CHEMICALLY. 3

4 EXAMPLE : 1. NITRIC ACID TO MAKE FERTILISERS AND EXPLOSIVES. 2. SULPHURIC ACID AS ELECTROLYTE IN ACID-LEAD ACCUMULATORS AND TO MAKE DETERGENTS. 3. SOAPS AND DETERGENTS AS CLEANING AGENTS. 4. UREA AS NITROGENOUS FERTILISERS. 5. POLYVINYL CHLORIDE (PVC) TO MAKE PIPES, PLASTIC BAGS AND CHILDREN S TOYS. 6. SODIUM CHLORIDE TO PRESERVE FOOD 7. ACETIC ACID (VINEGAR) TO ADD FLAVOUR TO FOOD AND TO PRESERVE FOOD 4

5 EXAMPLE : 1. ETHANOL TO MANUFACTURE ALCOHOLS,DRINKS,COSMETICS AND FOOD SEASONING. 2. PAINTS AND SHELLAC TO PROTECT SURFACES. 3. SILVER CHLORIDE TO MAKE PHOTOCHROMIC GLASS. 4. SILVER BROMIDE IN PHOTOGRAPHY 5. FORMALDEHYDE TO PRESERVE SPECIMENS IN THE LABORATORY 6. SODIUM HYDROXIDE TO MAKE SOAP AND PAPER 5

6 THE IMPORTANCE CHEMISTRY 1. OCCUPATION 2. INDUSTRY 3. EDUCATION 6

7 OCCUPATION SOME OF THE OCCUPATION THAT NEED THE KNOWLEDGE OF CHEMISTRY INCLUDE : 1. DOCTORS 2. HEALTH OFFICERS 3. DENTISTS 4. BIOCHEMISTS 5. PHARMACISTS 6. NUTRIONISTS 7. FORENSIC SCIENTISTS 8. GEOLOGISTS 9. LABORATORY TECHNOLOGISTS 10. PHYSIOTHERAPISTS 11. CHEMISTS 7

8 OCCUPATION 1. METALLURGISTS 2. AGRICULTURISTS 3. GENETIC ENGINEERS 4. PHARMACOLOGISTS 5. TOXICOLOGISTS 6. CHEMICAL ENGINEERS 7. BIOTECHNOLOGISTS 8. POLYMER SCIENTISTS 9. FOOD TECHNOLOGISTS 10. MICROBIOLOGISTS 11. HAEMATOLOGISTS 8

9 OCCUPATION A FEW EXAMPLE OF OCCUPATION AND THEIR APPLICATION OF CHEMISTRY : 1. ECOLOGISTS TO STUDY THE NATURE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES IN SURROUNDING AND THEIR AFFECTS ON THE ENVIRONMENT. 2. GEOCHEMIST TO STUDY THE NATURE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES ON EARTH. 3. GENETIC ENGINEERS THE STUDY YHE GENETIC AND CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF CHROMOSOMES AND THE EFFECTS OF ENGINEERING ON THEIR COMPOSITION. 4. PHARMACOLOGISTS TO STUDY AND SYNTHESISE NEW MEDICINES AND DRUGS AND THEIR EFFECTS ON VARIOUS DISEASES. 5. BIOCHEMISTS TO STUDY THE EFFECT OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS IN THE HUMAN BODY. 6. DOCTORS TO TREAT DISEASES IN HUMAN BEINGS. 9

10 OCCUPATION CHEMISTS ARE ALSO NEEDED : 1. TO STUDY THE PROCESS OF MANUFACTURING DRUGS AND MEDICINES. 2. TO UNDERSTANDING THE CHEMICAL STRUCTURE AND EFFECTS OF DRUGS. 3. TO CONDUCT STUDIES AND RESEARCH ON FERTILISERS AND PESTICIDES IN FERTILISERS AND PESTICIDES INDUSTRIES. 4. TO STUDY THE EFFECT OF FOOD ADDITIVES AND THEIR COMPOSITIONS IN THE FOOD INDUSTRIES 10

11 CHEMICAL INDUSTRIES IN MALAYSIA THE CHEMICAL INDUSTRIES IN MALAYSIA INCLUDE THE FOLLOWING : 1. IRON AND STEEL INDUSTRY 2. OLEOCHEMICAL, WHICH PRODUCES VARIOUS PRODUCTS FROM PALM OIL INCLUDING SOAPS AND DETERGENTS. 3. DISTILLATE SYNTHESIS WHICH CONVERT NATURAL GAS TO KEROSENE AND WAX. 4. RECYLING FACTORIES WHICH RECYLE PAPER, ALUMINUM CANS AND OTHERS INTO REUSABLE PRODUCTS. 11

12 CHEMICAL INDUSTRIES IN MALAYSIA THE CHEMICAL INDUSTRIES IN MALAYSIA INCLUDE THE FOLLOWING : 1. PETROLEUM AND NATURAL GAS WHICH SUPPLIES FUEL FOR HOME, VEHICLES AND INDUSTRIES. 3. PLASTIC INDUSTRY WHICH PRODUCES EQUIQMENT FOR HOME NEEDS AND PARTS FOR ELECTRICAL DEVICES. 5. AGRICULTURAL CHEMICAL INDUSTRY, WHICH PRODUCES FERTILISERS AND PESTICIDES FOR AGRICULTURAL SECTOR. 8. PHARMACEUTICAL WHICH PRODUCES BOTH MODERN AND TRADITIONAL MEDICINES AND DRUGS. 12

13 CONTRIBUTION OF CHEMICAL-BASED INDUSTRIES 1. HAVE IMPROVED OUR ECONOMY THROUGH THE EXPORT OF VARIOUS PRODUCTS, SUCH AS CHEMICALS, SOAPS, DETERGENTS, ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS, FERTILISERS,PESTICIDES, RUBBER, OIL PALM, PETROLEUM, NATURAL GAS AND PETROCHEMICALS. 2. HEPLS TO REDUCE IMPORTS, THEREBY SAVING FOREIGN EXCHANGE 13

14 CONTRIBUTION OF CHEMICAL-BASED INDUSTRIES THE VARIOUS PRODUCTS OF THE CHEMICAL-BASED INDUSTRIES : 1. FOOD AND BEVERAGES FLAVOURS, ESSENCES, FOOD STABILISERS, PRESERVATIVES, SWEERENERS AND ANTI- OXIDANTS. 3. DRUG AND MEDICINES ANTIBIOTICS, ANALGESICS, HORMONES, VITAMINS, VACCINES AND TRADIOTIONAL MEDICINES. 5. AGRICULTURE FERTILISERS, PESTICIDES, GROWTH HORMONES AND HERBICIDES. 4. TELECOMMUNICATIONS CHEMICAL CELLS, COMPOSITE MATERIAL FOR CELLPHONE, RADIO AND TELEVISION 14

15 CONTRIBUTION OF CHEMICAL-BASED INDUSTRIES THE VARIOUS PRODUCTS OF THE CHEMICAL-BASED INDUSTRIES : 5. TRANSPORT FUEL FOR VEHICLES, ALLOYS FOR VEHICLE PARTS, GLASS, PLASTICS, RUBBERS AND COMPOSITE MATERIALS 6. TEXTILE NYLON AND POLYESTER MATERIALS 7. MANUFACTURE/SYNTHESIS RAW MATERIALS SUCH AS CHLORINE, SULPHURIC ACID, UREA AND CATALYSTS FOR VARIOUS INDUSTRIES 15

16 IMPORTANCE OF STUDYING CHEMISTRY 1. THE KNOWLODGE IS IMPORTANT IN MANY FIELDS OF RESEARCH SUCH AS MEDICINE, ENGINEERING, BIOCHEMISTRY, BOTANY, PHARMACEUTICALS, GENETICA AND FORENSICS SCIENCE. 2. CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES OF SURROUNDING. THE AIR THAT WE BREATHE IN IS COMPOSED OF OXYGEN, NITROGEN AND CARBON DIOXIDE. THE CEMENTS, CONCRETE,IRON, STEEL, WOOD, GLASS AND TILES WHICH ARE USED TO BUILD OUR HOME AND SCHOOL. 3. THE KNOWLEDGE IS NEEDED TO IMPROVE THE QUALITY OF FOOD AND MEDICAL DRUGS TO MORE BETTER THE QUALITY OF LIFE. FERTILISER, PESTICIDES AND GROWTH HORMONES TO IMPROVE AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS. PRESERVATIVES PREVENT PROCESSED FOOFSTUFF FROM DECOMPOSITION. MODERN DRUGS USED TO TREAT DISEASES. 4. TO HELPFUL IN THE CONVERSATION OF OUR ENVIRONMENT SUCH AS RECYLING PAPER AND OTHER WASTE MATERIALS AND DISPOSAL OF HARMFUL WASTES FROM FACTORIES 16

17 SCIENTIFIC METHOD 1. CHEMISTRY INVOLVES INVESTIGATION THROUGH SCIENTIFIC MEAN. THE BASIC RESEARCH SKILLS CALLED SCIENTIFIC METHOD. 3. A SERIES OF SYSTEMATIC STEPS WHICH SCIENTISTS PRACTISE WHEN CONDUCTING A STUDY IN PARTICULAR SITUATION. 5. A SCIENTIFIC STEPS : 1. OBSERVATION 2. INFERENCE 3. IDENTIFYING THE PROBLEM 4. IDENTIFYING THE VARIABLES 5. FORMING A HYPOTHESIS 6. CONTROLLING THE VARIABLES 7. PLANNING THE INVESTIGATION PROCEDURES 8. COLLECTING DATA 9. INTERPRETING DATA 10. DRAWING A CONCLUSION 11. WRITING A REPORT 17

18 SCIENTIFIC METHOD SITUATION : You are required to study the solubility of calcium chloride, CaCl 2, in water. You are given 10 cm 3 water and 100 g CaCl 2. After adding the salt, little by little to the water and stirring it, you find some salt remaining at the bottom of the beaker. If more water is added, the salt dissolves. 18

19 SCIENTIFIC METHOD 1. OBSERVATION ANY CHANGES IN COLOUR, SOLUBILITY FORMATION OF NEW SUBSTANCES, SEEN DURING THE EXPERIMENT. 19

20 SCIENTIFIC METHOD 2. MAKING AND INFERENCE THE INITIAL CONCLUSION THAT IS MADE, BASED ON THE OBSERVATION AT THE BEGINNING OF THE SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATION. 20

21 SCIENTIFIC METHOD 4. IDENTIFYING THE VARIABLES VARIABLES ARE FACTORS OR CONDITIONS WHICH INFLUENCE OTHER FACTORS IN AN INVESTIGATION. ALL 3 TYPES : 1. MANIPULATED (INDEPENDENT) THE VARIABLE THAT IS DELIBERATELY ALTERED TO SEE HOW SUCH CHANGES AFFECT THE QUANTITY OR FACTOR. 21

22 SCIENTIFIC METHOD 2. RESPONDS (DEPENDENT) WHICH CHANGES AS A RESULT OF VARIABLE THAT IS MANIPULATED. 3. CONSTANT THE FACTOR OR CONDITION OR QUANTITY THAT REMAINS UNCHANGED THROUGHOUT THE INVESTIGATION. 22

23 SCIENTIFIC METHOD 5. FORMING A HYPOTHESIS A GENERAL STATEMENT THAT STATES THE CORRELATION BETWEEN THE RESPONDING VARIABLE AND THE MANIPULATED VARIABLE. 23

24 SCIENTIFIC METHOD 6. CONTROLLING THE VARIABLES THE VARIABLE THAT IS BEING STUDIED AND THE NUMBER OF TIMES THE EXPERIMENT IS REPEATED IN ORDER TO OBTAIN AUTHENTIC OR GENUINE RESULT. 24

25 SCIENTIFIC METHOD 7. PLANNING THE INVESTIGATION PROCEDURES THIS INCLUDES : A. DETERMINING AND PREPARING THE APPARATUS AND MATERIALS REQUIRED FOR THE EXPERIMENT. B. STATING THE PROCEDURES OR STEP TAKEN TO CONDUCT THE EXPERIMENT IS DONE CORRECTLY. C. THE METHOD OF COLLECTING DATA, OF PRESENTING DATA AND INTERPRETING DATA. 25

26 SCIENTIFIC METHOD 8. COLLECTING DATA ALL DATA COLLECTED THROUGH THE OBSERVATION MADE DURING THE EXPERIMENT SHOULD BE RECORDED ACCURATELY IN THE FORM TABLES OR IN THE WORDS. 26

27 SCIENTIFIC METHOD 9. INTERPRETING DATA THE DATA COLLECTED SHOULD BE CHANGED AND PRESENTED IN A MORE MEANINGFUL WAY SO THAT THEY ARE EASILY INTERPRETED. 27

28 SCIENTIFIC METHOD 10. DRAWING CONCLUSION AFTER EXAMANING AND INTERPRETING THE DATA, A CONCLUDING STATEMENT IS MADE ON THE RESULTS OF THE EXPERIMENT. THE HYPOTHESIS IS THE ACCEPTED AS TRUE OR REJECTED AS INCORRECT. 28

29 SCIENTIFIC METHOD 11. WRITING A REPORT A COMPLETE REPORT IS WRITTEN WHERE ALL THE FOLLOWING ARE PRESENTED: STATEMENT OF PROBLEM HYPOTHESIS VARIABLES (ALL THREE) APPARATUS USED MATERIAL USED WITH THEIR QUANTITIES PROCEDURE RESULTS AND DATA ANALYSIS OF THE DATA INTERPRETATION OF THE DATA DISCUSSION OF THE DATA CONCLUSION AND STATEMENT ON HYPOTHESIS 29

30 SCIENTIFIC METHOD SCIENTIFIC METHOD SHOULD BE OBSERVED WHEN CONDUCTING AN EXPERIMENT IN ORDER TO ENSURE : 1. VALID AND AUTHENTIC INFORMATION. 2. A HYPOTHESIS IN INVESTIGATED IN DETAIL. 3. THE EXPERIMENT IS CONDUCTED SYSTEMATICALLY AND ACCORDING TO THE PROCEDURES. 4. ACCURATE RESULTS ARE OBTAINED. 5. AN ACCEPTABLE AND VALID CONCLUSION 30

31 SCIENTIFIC METHOD THE MANIPULATING SKILL LEARNT DURING A SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATION : 1. USING AND HANDLING SCIENCE APPARATUS AND MATERIAL CORRECTLY AND SAFETY. 2. DRAWING APPARATUS AND LABORATORY SUBSTANCES ACCURATELY. 3. CLEANING SCIENCE APPARATUS CORRECTLY. 4. STORING SCIENCE APPARATUS AND MATERIALS CORRECTLY AND SAFETY. 31

32 SCIENTIFIC METHOD SCIENTIFIC ATTITUDES AND NOBLE VALUES ARE NECESSARY : 1. PREVENT ACCIDENT FROM OCCURING. 2. ENSURE A CLEAN AND CALM ATMOSPHERE IN THE LABORATORY. 3. INCULCATION POSITIVE VALUES LIKE CURIOSITY, HONESTY, COOPERATIVE, PERSEVERANCE AND REPONSIBILITY IN STUDENTS. 32

33 CONCEPT MAP INTRODUCTION TO CHEMISTRY UNDERSTANDING CHEMISTRY SCIENTIFIC METHODS Origin of the word Uses IMPORTANCE OF CHEMISTRY Chemical Industries Scientific attitudes Occupation Contribution to development Procedures 33