List of illustrations Acknowledgements Preface

Transcription

1 j Contents List of illustrations Acknowledgements Preface page x xiii xv 1 Lexicography Lexicography and society Lexicography and related disciplines The terminology of lexicography A simple descriptive model for lexicography 5 2 Types of dictionaries Linguistic activities, dictionary functions and dictionary types Dictionary typology Dictionary types dealt with in this book 37 3 Data collection and data selection Sources and their use Data selection 63 4 The dictionary as text Main components of the dictionary Dictionary structure Textual condensation 82 5 The lemma Functions of the lemma Establishment of lemmas Grammatical form of the lemma Presentation of the lemma Spelling and word division Spelling Word division 111

2 vi Contents 7 Pronunciation Reference needs Types of information Norms and variation Types of notation Presentation formats Morphology Inflection Word formation Part-of-speech membership Function, position and form Types of information Constructions Syntactic valency Dictionary and grammar Presentation formats Collocations Different types of word combination What is a collocation? Collocations in dictionaries Idioms and other fixed word combinations What is an idiom? Other fixed word combinations Idioms, dictionary types and dictionary use Idioms and dictionary structure Presentation formats for idioms Meaning description in monolingual dictionaries Meaning analysis and division into senses Meaning description: general aspects Synonym definitions Lexicographic definitions: the traditional format Lexicographic definitions: the COBUILD format Other types of meaning description Presuppositions in meaning description 241

3 Contents vii 13.8 Adaptation to the needs of the users Defining vocabularies Information about semantic relationships Equivalents in bilingual dictionaries Problems of bilingual lexicography Different concept formation in different languages Types of equivalence and equivalents Equivalent differentiation Choice of equivalents Presentation of equivalents When equivalents are lacking Alternative equivalents Division into senses Examples Types of examples Examples and authenticity Functions of examples Presentation of examples Encyclopedic information Linguistic and encyclopedic information Encyclopedicity of dictionaries and dictionary entries Encyclopedic information in language dictionaries Encyclopedic dictionaries Illustrations Purpose and functions of illustrations Illustrations, dictionary types and dictionary users Illustrations and dictionary structure Presentation formats for illustrations Types of illustrations Illustrations in bilingual dictionaries Marking Marking and labelling systems Purpose and functions of marking information Marking information and dictionary structure The diasystematic part-systems 326

4 viii Contents 19 Etymology Who needs etymologies? Etymology and dictionary types Types of etymological information Etymology and dictionary structure Microstructure Microstructure and other structural concepts at micro-level Microstructure: monosemous lemma Microstructure: polysemous lemma Microstructure: lemma representing several parts of speech Polysemy structure In the borderland between macrostructure and microstructure Macrostructure Two main types of macrostructure Alphabetization Types of alphabetical macrostructure Systematic macrostructure Megastructure Main components of the dictionary Components providing object-language information Components having a metafunction Components being part of the access structure Components having other functions Cross-reference structure Position and direction of cross-references Functions of cross-references Form of cross-references Cross-references in use Dictionary projects Project basis Planning Implementation Follow-up Aids and tools 415

5 Contents ix 25 Legal and ethical aspects The problem area Law and ethics in lexicographic work Legal and ethical aspects of the marketing of dictionaries The electronic dictionary Old and new media Typology General features The dictionary in cyberspace The pocket electronic dictionary Dictionary use User research: problems and methods The look-up process Better dictionaries or better dictionary users? User research in practice Towards a uniform theory of user research? Dictionary criticism The concept of dictionary criticism Types of dictionary review Methods in dictionary criticism Demands on a good dictionary review Ethical aspects of dictionary criticism 486 Bibliography 488 Index 521

6 j Illustrations 2.1 An entry in a thesaurus. (Source: Roget s Thesaurus of English Words and Phrases) page Extract from the index of a thesaurus. (Source: Roget s Thesaurus of English Words and Phrases) Extract from a reverse-order dictionary. (Source: Reverse Dictionary of Present-Day English) Extract from a KWIC concordance. (Source: Cambridge International Corpus) Example of indications of marking in the form of indication symbols. (Source: Sachs-Villatte Enzyklopädisches französisch deutsches und deutsch französisches Wörterbuch, 1911) Superordinate, subordinate and co-ordinate concepts Intensional definition: noun Intensional definition: adjective Intensional definition: verb Difference in conceptual structure (after Malmberg 1969: 166) Difference in semantic range (after Malmberg 1969: 167) Relationship between English wood and French bois Relationship between English wood and German Wald Full equivalence for several meanings of the lemma Full equivalence for one of several meanings of the equivalent Convergence from source language to target language Divergence from source language to target language A combination of divergence and convergence. (Source: Rettig 1985: 95) Procedure in identifying possible equivalents Various types of equivalence Degrees of encyclopedicity A mixture of linguistic and encyclopedic explanations. (Source: W3) By permission. From Webster s Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged by Merriam- Webster, Incorporated (

7 List of illustrations xi 16.3 A special encyclopedic section within the entry. (Source: Grand Larousse universel) Prototypical illustrated object (magnet). (Source: Cambridge Essential English Dictionary) Prototypicality of illustrated object questioned (compass). (Source: Cambridge Essential English Dictionary) One of several types in illustration (bridge). (Source: Cambridge Dictionary of American English [adapted]) Part of object sufficient in illustration (brush). (Source: Cambridge Essential English Dictionary [adapted]) Parts of object specified in illustration (eye). (Source: Cambridge Essential English Dictionary) Several types of object in illustration (insect). (Source: Cambridge Essential English Dictionary) Illustration where there is only a finite number of types (suit [of cards]). (Source: Cambridge Dictionary of American English [adapted]) Highlighting object in illustration (dormer). (Source: Cambridge Dictionary of American English [adapted]) Immediate surroundings shown in illustration (propeller). (Source: Cambridge Essential English Dictionary) Highlighting object in illustration (gutter). (Source: Cambridge Dictionary of American English [adapted]) Highlighting object in illustration (gangplank). (Source: Cambridge Dictionary of American English) Function hinted at in illustration (revolving door). (Source: Cambridge Dictionary of American English) Function shown in diagram (cloverleaf). (Source: Cambridge Dictionary of American English) Sequential illustration (long jump). (Source: Bonniers Compact Lexikon [adapted]) Sequential illustration (metamorphosis). (Source: Bonniers Compact Lexikon [adapted]) Nomenclatory illustration (skeleton). (Source: Cambridge Advanced Learner s Dictionary [adapted]) Illustration showing only part of a subject (basketball). (Source: Bonniers svenska ordbok [adapted]) Illustration showing only characteristic aspects of a subject (rococo). (Source: Bonniers svenska ordbok [adapted]) 310

8 xii List of illustrations Scenic illustration (bathroom). (Source: Cambridge Dictionary of American English) a Illustration of an adjective (horizontal). (Source: Cambridge Essential English Dictionary) b Illustration of a verb (drop). (Source: Cambridge Essential English Dictionary) c Illustration of an adverb (clockwise). (Source: Cambridge Essential English Dictionary) a Illustration of a phrase (walk single file). (Source: Cambridge Dictionary of American English [adapted]) b Illustrations of phrasal verbs (get on + set off). (Source: Cambridge Advanced Learner s Dictionary) Culture-specific words illustrated in a bilingual dictionary. (Source: Svensén 2004) Addressing status of differentiating labels, alternative Addressing status of differentiating labels, alternative Pronunciation key. (Source: Cambridge Advanced Learner s Dictionary) Explanation of syntactic codes. (Source: Cambridge Dictionary of American English) Explanatory chart (extract). (Source: Cambridge Dictionary of American English) User interface for a dictionary editing system. (Source: Norstedts) User interface of an electronic dictionary. (Source: Cambridge Advanced Learner s Dictionary online) 440