(R)EVOLUTION OF IP NETWORKS AND PROTOCOLS

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1 Michigan State University INSTITUTE OF PUBLIC UTILITIES Regulatory Research and Education (R)EVOLUTION OF IP NETWORKS AND PROTOCOLS Bigger Faster - Cheaper CAMP NARUC 2016 David J. Malfara, Sr. ETC Group, LLC

2 IP (R)EVOLUTION AGENDA Advancements in Fiber Technology Advancements in Transmission Technology Advancements in Control Layer Technology Technology Transitions 2

3 Advancements in Fiber Technologies Technology Crossover (With Some Limitations) Fiber-based Transport Networks Metro Aggregation Networks Access Distribution Networks 3

4 Advancements in Fiber Technologies Physical Technologies 4

5 Advancements in Physical Technologies Conventional Fiber Types 5

6 Advancements in Physical Technologies Wave Division Multiplexing DWDM Band Wavelength Range Band Name Wavelengths Description O-band nm Original band, PON upstream E-band nm Water peak band S-band nm PON downstream C-band nm Lowest attenuation, original DWDM band, compatible with fiber amplifiers, CATV L-band nm Low attenuation, expanded DWDM band U-band nm Ultra-long wavelength 6

7 Advancements in Physical Technologies Wave Division Multiplexing 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. 7

8 Advancements in Physical Technologies Wave Division Multiplexing Expanding Capacity (Current) Increase Channel Data Rate From 2.5 Gb/s to 100 Gb/s Expand Addressable Spectrum Expand from C-band to L- or S-bands Increase Number of Channels Move Channels Closer Together 8

9 Advancements in Physical Technologies Wave Division Multiplexing 2012 Infinera 9

10 Advancements in Physical Technologies Single-mode Fiber (Theoretical) Limitation of 2,000 km At Capacities in the 500Gb/s 1 Tb/s Range Modulation Format Higher Order Modulation Formats Require High Signal/Noise Ratio That Are Not Achievable Using Conventional Amplifiers Super Channels Require Multiple Sub-Bands Beyond the 50Ghz Grid and Swap of EDFA With Less Noisy Amplifiers (Raman) Fiber Medium Requires Lower Non-linearity Requires Lower Loss 10

11 Advancements in Physical Technologies New Fiber Types 2015 Opli 11

12 Advancements in Physical Technologies Single-mode Fiber Max (So Far) Nokia Siemens Networks Hollow-core Fiber 1 Spatial Mode 96 Channels/Mode 250 Gb/s/Channel Hollow-Core Fiber With Kagome Lattice Isolation 24 Tb/s Total Over Single Fiber 2015 LaserFocusWorld 12

13 Advancements in Physical Technologies Multi-Mode Fiber Multi(Few)-Mode Fiber Max (So Far) Nokia Siemens Networks 119 km 200Gb/s/channel 3 Spatial Modes 96 Channels/Mode 57.6 Tb/s Total Over Single Fiber 200 Tb/s Achieved in University of Central Florida and Eindhoven University of Technology (1km) 13

14 Advancements in Physical Technologies Space Division Multiplexing MM MC Fiber NICT, Sumitomo Electric Industries, Ltd., Yokohama National University, and Optoquest Co. Ltd. 5 Km Distance 36 Multi-Mode Cores 3 Spatial Modes Per Core 108 Channels 100 Tb/s/Channel Multi-Mode Multi-Core Fiber 10.8 Pb/s Total Over Single Fiber (Theoretical) 1 petabit/s (Pb/s) is 1 quadrillion b/s, 1 terabit/s (Tb/s) is 1 trillion b/s, 1 gigabit/s (Gb/s) is 1 billion b/s, and 1 megabit (Mb/s) is 1 million b/s Opli The transmission rate of Google Fiber s consumer optical fiber service (FTTH) is approximately 1 Gb/s. The transmission rate theorized as supportable with this test of MM MC fiber is 10,800,000 times greater than that rate. 14

15 Advancements in Physical Technologies Passive Optical Network Evolution Wavelength Plan Modified Reference Figure from ITU-T G.989.2, Figure I-1 15

16 Advancements in Physical Technologies Passive Optical Network Standards 2014 NTT 16

17 Advancements in Physical Technologies Passive Optical Network Standards 2014 NTT 17

18 Advancements in Physical Technologies Passive Optical Network Standards 2015 Alcatel-Lucent 18

19 Advancements in Physical Technologies Passive Optical Network Standards 2015 ADTRAN 19

20 Advancements in Physical Technologies Passive Optical Network Standards 2015 ADTRAN 20

21 Advancements in Physical Technologies Deployment Economies (Technology Comparison) Comparative Cost to Provide 1Gb/s Bidirectional Service. Time Active = 15% (From Network Studies of Residential Users) 2016 IEEE 21

22 Advancements in Fiber Technologies DEPLOYMENT Deployment Methods 22

23 DEPLOYMENT Advancements in Fiber Deployment Methods Centralized or Cascaded Architectures 2015 COMMSCOPE 23

24 DEPLOYMENT Advancements in Fiber Deployment Methods Cascaded with Fiber Reuse 2015 COMMSCOPE 24

25 DEPLOYMENT Advancements in Fiber Deployment Methods Cascaded with Fiber Indexing 2015 COMMSCOPE 25

26 Advancements in Fiber Deployment Methods Typical FDH Deployment 2015 COMMSCOPE DEPLOYMENT 26

27 Advancements in Fiber Deployment Methods Fiber Indexing Deployment 2015 COMMSCOPE DEPLOYMENT 27

28 Advancements in Fiber Deployment Methods Cascaded with Fiber Indexing DEPLOYMENT 2015 COMMSCOPE 28

29 Advancements in Transmission Technology 29

30 Advancements in Transmission Technologies Legacy SONET/SDH Transmission Element Section - A single fiber run that can be terminated by a network element (Line or Path) or an optical regenerator. Function 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. Formats the SONET frames Converts electrical signals to optical signals. Line - Line-Terminating Equipment (LTE) originates or terminates one or more sections of a line signal. Synchronizes and multiplexes information on SONET frames. Ex. - Add/Drop Multiplexer (ADM) Path - Path-Terminating Equipment (PTE) interfaces non-sonet equipment to the SONET network. Payload is mapped and demapped into the SONET frame. Focused on end-to-end transport of data. 30

31 Advancements in Transmission Technologies SONET/SDH Transport Hierarchy 31

32 Advancements in Transmission Technologies From SONET/SDH to Optical Transport Network (OTN) Increased Channel Data Rate over rates achievable with SONET/SDH From ~ 40 Gb/s to 100 Gb/s New Line Rates and Client Rates Under Development (ex. 400Gb, 1 Tb) Improved Economics Decouples Client Rate From Line Rate Improves Wavelength Utilization Efficiency (and lowers cost) Facilitates Transition From Legacy to Next-Gen Services Carries Both Synchronous and Asynchronous Traffic No Timing Distribution Required Any Combination of Service Types May Share a Common Wavelength Much Improved Network Performance, Security, Resilience and Reporting Forward Error Correction Lossless Core Capability (From SONET/SDH Ring to OTN Mesh Switched Core Architecture) Packet Aggregation (with or without over-subscription) at the Edge Partitioned Operation via Optical Virtual Private Networks (O-VPNs) Security Network Management Data is Separated From Client Data Provides End-to-End Service Monitoring (Six Levels of Tandem Connection Monitoring) 32

33 Advancements in Transmission Technologies Optical Transport Network 2015 PacketLight Networks 33

34 Advancements in Transmission Technologies OTN Optical Transport Module 2014 Ciena 34

35 Advancements in Transmission Technologies OTN Mapping Hierarchy 2014 Ciena 35

36 Advancements in Transmission Technologies OTN Data Rates 2015 Aliathon Technology Ltd 36

37 Advancements in Transmission Technologies OTN Tandem Connection Monitoring 2015 Electronic Design Up to 6 Layers of TCM, Each With Its Own Alarms and Bit Error Counts. 37

38 Advancements in Control-Layer Technology 38

39 Advancements in Control-Layer Technologies Conventional Network Control & Transport Layers (OSI Layers 2/3) Cannot dynamically change in response to a change in network conditions Today s Networks 39

40 Advancements in Control-Layer Technologies Software-defined Networking 40

41 Advancements in Control-Layer Technologies Network Functions Virtualization ETSI Industry Specification Group for NFV 41

42 Advancements in Control-Layer Technologies Network Functions Virtualization 42

43 Advancements in Control-Layer Technologies Network Virtualization Source: Arthur D. Little/Bell Labs 43

44 Advancements in Control-Layer Technologies Customer-facing SDN/NFV (AT&T Network on Demand) APPLICATION 44

45 Carrier Use Cases AT&T AT&T Network on Demand USE CASES AT&T Network on Demand is the first of its kind software-defined networking solution in the U.S. It makes network management easier than ever with an online self-service portal. Business customers can now easily add or change services, scale bandwidth to meet their changing needs and manage their network all in near real time. This translates into time savings and less complexity for companies of all sizes. AT&T Network on Demand is our vision for the network of the future. Using the latest technologies and open network principles, we ve created a smart, cloud-like network to more effectively customer needs a global first at this scale. We began trials of Network on Demand in September 2014 and have since expanded to over 100 U.S. cities. AT&T Switched Ethernet Service sm is the first Network on Demand enabled service available; more services will be added later this year. Some of the specific benefits of Network on Demand include: Intuitive web portal offers immediate click-through ordering and improved network control Scale bandwidth speeds in near real time instead of hours or days Installation times are scaled down from weeks to days Excerpts from the AT&T Website available at: ETC Group, LLC 8/19/

46 Carrier Use Cases AT&T AT&T Universal CPE USE CASES AT&T will soon be launching Virtual Managed Services with a new virtualized appliance: Universal Customer Premises Equipment (ucpe). Utilizing network function virtualization (NFV) technology, ucpe network appliances can be run as software on a virtual machine. Instead of installing a physical router, a customer could turn up a software-based virtual router in near real-time. Not only does the Universal CPE afford increased speed but, for the first time, the ability to run multiple functions simultaneously. The unique open design enables multiple virtual network functions (VNFs) to run concurrently. For example, if a customer wants a router and a WAN accelerator, they can activate both of those functions on the same physical box. Customers can soon enjoy the speed and control of the AT&T Universal CPE. We will soon begin beta trials and later expand with additional ucpe form factors and virtual network functions, as well as additional Virtual Managed Services offerings in the cloud. Excerpts from the AT&T Website, available at: ETC Group, LLC 46

47 Carrier Use Cases AT&T AT&T Domain 2.0 USE CASES AT&T regularly reviews and revises business and technology approaches. Significant emerging technologies and business drivers have encouraged the company to reassess desired future network technology, operations methods, and sourcing approaches in an effort called Domain 2.0. In summary, the major aspects of AT&T s Domain 2.0 architecture are: Open Provide APIs, enable better participation of third parties, and improve visibility. Increase the number of suppliers and partners AT&T can do business with. Simplify Weed out complexity from services and operations; support more nimble business models. Scale Meet evolving customer requirements including traffic growth, diversity of traffic types, and diversity of performance and reliability expectations. Improve business efficiency in capital and operations. Excerpts from the AT&T Domain 2.0 Whitepaper, available at: ETC Group, LLC 47

48 Carrier Use Cases AT&T AT&T Domain 2.0 USE CASES Migrating AT&T businesses to a multi-service, multi-tenant platform implies replacing or augmenting existing network elements which today are typically integrated to perform a single function. The replacement technology consists of a substrate of networking capability, often called Network Function Virtualization Infrastructure (NFVI) or simply infrastructure that is capable of being directed with software and Software Defined Networking (SDN) protocols to perform a broad variety of network functions and services. This infrastructure is expected to be comprised of several types of substrate. The most typical type of substrate being servers that support NFV, followed by packet forwarding capabilities based on merchant silicon, which we often call white boxes. AT&T seeks to engage in a transformation of network technology, operations, infrastructure, software, and APIs in a way that provides greater value to customers and application development partners. The result will be a cloud-centric networked capability that can support varied workloads along with flexible business models. Excerpts from the AT&T Domain 2.0 Whitepaper, available at: ETC Group, LLC 48

49 TRANSITION Advanced Networks Technology Transition Other Systems in Transition (Discussion) PSTN Transition IP Transition Evolution Path From UNEs Next-Gen Special Access LNPA Transition 49

50 PSTN TRANSITION 50

51 PSTN TRANSITION Independent ENUM Registries (LNPA Transition) ATIS/SIP Forum IP Interconnection Routing Report Provisioning 51

52 PSTN TRANSITION Independent ENUM Registries (LNPA Transition) ATIS/SIP Forum IP Interconnection Routing Report Call Flow 52

53 TRANSITION Advanced Networks Technology Transition Other Systems in Transition (Discussion) IPv6 Transition Dual Stack IPv4 IPv6 Transition Mechanisms Customer Transition 53

54 IPV6 TRANSITION Advanced Networks Technology Transition Other Systems in Transition (Discussion) Dual Stack Translation Tunneling IPv6 Transition Mechanisms 6a44 6rd Tunnel Broker 6to4 4rd BGP Tunneling L2TP IVI NAT64 6PE TRT DS-Lite 6VPE 4over6 464XLAT A+P Teredo DNS64 GRE ISATAP MAP-T LISP lw-dslite MAP-E 54

55 IPV6 TRANSITION Advanced Networks Technology Transition IPv6 Transition as a Service (Huawei Santa Clara) SDN/NFV Use Case 55

56 QUESTIONS? David J. Malfara, Sr. ETC Group, LLC 56

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