IGNEOUS ROCKS MAGMA. EXTRUSIVE (Volcanic) Fine-grained. INTRUSIVE (Plutonic) Coarse-grained

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1 IGNEOUS ROCKS EXTRUSIVE (Volcanic) Fine-grained INTRUSIVE (Plutonic) Coarse-grained MAGMA Molten Rock Usually with dissolved gases Generated at depth Eruptions if magma (lava) reaches surface If doesn t reach surface, solidifies underground Intrudes country rock Intrusive contact Chill zone Xenolith

2 VOLCANISM Lava = magma at Earth s surface Usually with dissolved gases Silica content controls viscosity, explosivity Pyroclasts fragments of rock created by explosion Lava flows hot, low viscosity liquid Pyroclastic rocks & lavas = Extrusive rocks Extrusive rocks commonly form Volcanoes

3 VOLCANISM Lava = Magma at Earth s surface Usually with dissolved gases Silica content controls viscosity, explosivity Pyroclasts fragments of rock created by explosion Lava flows hot, low viscosity liquid Pyroclastic rocks & lavas = Extrusive rocks Extrusive rocks commonly form Volcanoes

4 VOLCANISM Lava = Magma at Earth s surface Usually with dissolved gases Silica content controls viscosity, explosivity Pyroclasts fragments of rock created by explosion Lava flows hot, low viscosity liquid Pyroclastic rocks & lavas = Extrusive rocks Extrusive rocks commonly form Volcanoes

5 VOLCANISM Lava = Magma at Earth s surface Usually with dissolved gases Silica content controls viscosity, explosivity Pyroclasts fragments of rock created by explosion Lava flows hot, low viscosity liquid Pyroclastic rocks & lavas = Extrusive rocks Extrusive rocks commonly form Volcanoes

6 February 10, 2001 Volcanism: Effects on Humans Growth of Hawaii Geothermal energy Effect on climate Tambora 1815; 1816 "year without Summer" Volcanic catastrophies Mt. St. Helens Vesuvius Krakatoa Nevado del Ruiz Montserrat, Caribbean Pinatubo (video & questions next week)

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8 Nevado del Ruiz, Colombia lahar kills 23,000; November 13, Eruptive Violence & Characteristics of Lava Function of amount of gas in lava Viscosity = resistance to flow Temperature Silica (SiO 2 ) content Silicic lavas- most viscous Mafic lavas- least viscous

9 Extrusive Rocks & Gases Scientific study of volcanism Better understand eruptions and hazards Gases Primarily H 2 O Also CO 2, SO 2, H 2 S, HCl Gases & pyroclastics Ashfall: gentle dispersal Pyroclastic flow: violent gas-rich cloud see USGS web site: Pyroclastic Flow Deposits Figure Types of pyroclastic flow deposits. After MacDonald (1972), Volcanoes. Prentice-Hall, Inc., Fisher and Schminke (1984), Pyroclastic Rocks. Springer-Verlag. Berlin. a. collapse of a vertical explosive or plinian column that falls back to earth, and continues to travel along the ground surface. b. Lateral blast, such as occurred at Mt. St. Helens in c. Boiling-over of a highly gas-charged magma from a vent. d. Gravitational collapse of a hot dome

10 Lascar Volcano, Northern Chile Pyroclastic flow Extrusive Rocks Importance of silica content Rhyolite- silicic Predominantly feldspar and quartz Andesite- intermediate Plagioclase feldspar & ferromagnesian minerals Basalt- mafic Ferromagnesian minerals & plagioclase feldspar

11 Extrusive Rocks Textures Fine-grained (smaller than 1 mm) Glassy- Obsidian Due to rapid cooling (mainly) high viscosity Porphyritic Phenocrysts

12 Extrusive Rocks Textures (continued) Due to trapped gas Vesicles Scoria Pumice Fragmental Pyroclasts Dust, ash, cinders Blocks & bombs Tuff Volcanic Breccia

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14 Volcanoes are cone-shaped Vent Crater Caldera Active? Dormant? Extinct? VOLCANOES See:

15 VOLCANOES Types: Shield, Cinder Cone, Composite SHIELD VOLCANOES Low viscosity lava flows Low silica magma- mafic Basalt Pahoehoe Aa Gently sloping flanks- between 2 and 10 degrees Tend to be very large Spatter Cone- minor feature

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17 Taburiente Shield 1.5 Ma to 550 ka Cumbre Vieja 123 ka to historical La Palma Canary Islands

18 CINDER CONES Formed of pyroclastics only Steep sides- ~30 degrees Relatively small Short duration of activity

19 COMPOSITE VOLCANO Alternating pyroclastic layers & lava flows Slopes intermediate in steepness Intermittent eruptions over long time span Mostly Andesite Distribution Circum-Pacific Belt ( Ring of Fire ) Mediterranean Belt

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21 Puyehue Volcano, Southern Andes Puyehue Volcano, Southern Andes Composite Structure: Alternating Pyroclastic and lava flows

22 VOLCANIC DOMES Forms above a volcanic vent Viscous lava Usually silica-rich (or cooler magma) Associated with violent eruptions

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24 LAVA FLOODS Mafic lava- solidifies to basalt Fissure flows Plateau basalts Columnar structure or jointing

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26 SUBMARINE ERUPTIONS Pillow basalt Common along mid-ocean ridge

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