Earth Materials: Intro to rocks & Igneous rocks

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1 Earth Materials: Intro to rocks & Igneous rocks 1 The three major categories of rocks Fig Three main categories of rocks: Igneous Sedimentary Metamorphic The most common minerals in rocks (a.k.a. the rock-forming minerals) Igneous Rocks description and classification The three major categories of rocks Fig Relative abundance of rock types in the earth s crust 4 Composed of crystals and/or glass May have layers if volcanic composition and texture Most are composed of fragments (e.g. sand); Some may be crystalline. Always layered/stratified at some scale composition and texture Always crystalline Some have aligned crystals (foliation), some do not composition and texture Fig 3.4 The Rock-forming minerals 5 6 The 8 most abundant mineral in the earth s crust and the most common minerals in rocks are often called the rock-forming minerals. All 8 can be found in igneous rocks, and all 8 are silicates. Quartz (1) Feldspars: Alkali feldspar (2) Plagioclase l feldspar (3) Micas: Muscovite mica (4) Biotite mica (5) Pyroxene (6) Amphibole (7) Olivine (8) 1

2 Igneous rocks General categories based on where they form Intrusive Extrusive (plutonic) (volcanic) 7 Formation of igneous rocks: intrusive and extrusive rocks 8 Types of Intrusions Description and classification Texture crystal size(s) bubbles fragments Composition (minerals and color) Felsic Intermediate Mafic Origin of magma Fig 3.2 Magma vs. Lava Magma is molten rock underground. Intrusive or Plutonic Lava is molten rock which has reached the surface. Extrusive or Volcanic Extrusive rocks: Volcanoes and Lava flows 9 Veins of granite cutting through metamorphosed sedimentary rock 10 Fig 4.2 Fig 4.8 October 1915 eruption of Mt. Lassen (photo by Chester Mullen) Intrusive rocks: veins & dikes Fig 4.8 Dike Intrusive rocks: plutons & batholiths 11 Classification of igneous rocks by 12 Igneous textures: crystal size all large crystals - produced d by relatively l slow cooling deep underground d -found in intrusive igneous rocks (also known as plutonic igneous rocks) Part of the Sierra-Nevada batholith in Yosemite National Park A huge mass of intrusive rocks composed of many individual large intrusions (plutons) phaneritic texture - large crystals pegmatitic texture - extremely large crystals 2

3 Classification of igneous rocks by 13 Glassy texture: Obsidian, pumice, and volcanic ash 14 Igneous textures: crystal size Fig 4.3 at least partly small crystals and/or glass - produced by relatively fast cooling, usually at or near the earth s surface - typical of extrusive (volcanic) rocks - sometimes in intrusive rocks (e.g. shallow dikes) glassy texture - no crystals aphanitic texture - very small crystals porphyritic texture - mixed sizes of crystals fine = aphanitic 15 mixed = porphyritic Classification of igneous rocks by 16 Igneous textures: other textures bubbles: vesicular texture Igneous textures Geology 2 nd ed. - Chernicoff Gas bubbles trapped in an igneous rock are called vesicles. Examples: vesicular basalt and pumice broken fragments: pyroclastic texture coarse = phaneritic extremely coarse = pegmatitic If there is enough gas, expanding bubbles may cause lava to explosively break into fragments. Examples: volcanic ash and pumice Pyroclastic deposits may have some of the same features as sedimentary rocks. Vesicular textures: basalt with vesicles (left) and pumice (below) 17 Pyroclastic (fragmental) textures 18 Volcanic ash Pumice Tuff (this one contains both ash and pumice) 3

4 Classification of igneous rocks by Composition observed as variations in: mineral abundance (quartz, feldspar, etc.), elemental abundance (silicon, oxygen, iron, etc.), color (dark, medium, light) Ultramafic Mafic Intermediate Felsic i.e. peridotite i.e. basalt and gabbro i.e. andesite and diorite i.e. rhyolite and granite 19 Classification of igneous rocks: Mafic rocks: basalt (fine) and gabbro (coarse) Felsic rocks: rhyolite (fine) and granite (coarse) Extrusive/Volcanic (glassy, aphanitic, or porphyritic) Fig 4.5 Intrusive (coarse or porphyritic) 20 Classification of igneous rocks: 21 Igneous rock classification 22 Composition Felsic Intermediate Mafic Ultramafic Ultramafic rocks Example: Peridotite re Textur Extrusive (glassy, aphanitic, porphyritic, Rhyolite Dacite Andesite Basalt Komatiite (rare) fragmental, vesicular, etc.) Intrusive (phaneritic, Granite Granodiorite Diorite Gabbro Peridotite pegmatitic) lighter more silica; less iron & magnesium darker less silica; more iron & magnesium More silica (SiO 2 ), sodium, potassium Lighter color Igneous rock compositions More iron, magnesium, calcium Darker color 23 How are magmas formed? 24 g 4.6 modified from Fig by partial melting of crust or mantle rocks Three ways to melt rocks in the Earth s mantle and crust: increase temperature decrease pressure on already hot rock (decompression) add fluids (water) to already hot rock Rhyolite or Granite Dacite or Granodiorite Andesite or Diorite Basalt or Gabbro Komatiite or Peridotite 4

5 Magma formation at plate boundaries and hot spots 25 Magma formation by addition of fluids at subduction zones 26 Fig 4.8 Modified from Fig 4.19 Where and how are magmas formed? Mid-ocean ridges decompression mafic (basaltic) magma Continental rifts and other areas of extension decompression mostly mafic (basaltic) magma Subduction zones melting due to addition of fluids mafic, intermediate, and felsic magmas - often water-rich Mantle plumes (hot spots) decompression melting ocean basins: mafic magma continents: mostly mafic magma, some intermediate and felsic magmas 27 Note: secondary melts may occur due to addition of heat from primary magma 5

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