Explain each of the following unifying concepts in biology:
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1 Module 1B Unifying Concepts in Biology What is Biology? The scientific study of living organisms. Objective # 4 Explain each of the following unifying concepts in biology: All of the things we have said so far about science in general also apply to biology. 1 2 Objective 4a Concept: Living organisms and nonliving matter are composed of the same chemical elements and are governed by the same natural laws. Concept: Living organisms possess a much higher level of complexity and organization than is found in non-living matter. 3 4 The matter that makes up living systems is organized according to a hierarchy: a system of increasingly larger and more complex units, where each unit is composed of units from the previous level. E.g. Writing Letters Words Sentences Paragraphs Chapters Volumes Levels of Organization of Matter Quarks Subatomic particles Atoms Molecules Organelles Cells Tissues Organs Organ systems Complex organisms Populations Species Communities Ecosystems Biosphere 5 6 1
2 Objective 4 c Concept: Cells are the basic units of structure and function in living organisms. Cells are the smallest units that have all the characteristics of life All organisms are composed of cells Concept: In order to maintain their high level of organization, as well as grow and reproduce, living organisms require a continual input of matter and energy. 7 8 Energy: The second law of thermodynamics tells us that all things have a natural tendency to become more and more disorganized. In order to counteract this tendency, an input of energy is required. Matter: Many organisms use complex molecules as a source of energy. Matter is also needed to produce new cells for growth and reproduction Objective 4 e Concept: In order to maintain their high level of organization, as well as grow and reproduce, living organisms require a set of genetic instructions. Objective 4 f Concept: Living organisms are adapted to their environment and evolve in response to their environment
3 Objective 4 f Adaptation: Any characteristic of an organism that helps it to survive and /or reproduce. Objective 4 f Evolution vs. Revolution Evolution: slow, gradual change Evolution in biology: a gradual change in the genetic make-up of a population from one generation to the next Concept: Evolution accounts for both the unity and diversity of life. The unity of life: All living organisms share certain characteristics. This is because they have inherited those characteristics from a common ancestor The diversity of life: Millions of different species inhabit the earth. This diversity was produced as different populations were separated from each other and each evolved its own unique set of characteristics. 17 Objective # 5 Describe the theory of natural selection along with the major ideas and evidence that led Darwin and Wallace to develop the theory of natural selection. 18 3
4 Evolution is the idea that species gradually change over time. This idea has been around since at least the time of the ancient Greeks and is now supported by overwhelming evidence. Natural selection is a theory to explain the mechanism of evolution what causes species to change over time. 19 The origin of the theory of natural selection can be traced back to 1831, when a British naturalist named Charles Darwin was selected to participate in a 5-year scientific expedition around the coasts of South America aboard the H.M.S. Beagle. 20 British Isles Western EUROPE ASIA Isles AMERICA PACIFIC ATLANTIC Canary PACIFIC Cape Verde Philippine AFRICA Galápagos INDIAN Equator SOUTH Keeling AMERICA Ascension Madagascar Bahia Friendly Marquesas St. Helena Mauritius Valparaiso Rio de Janeiro Bourbon Island AUSTRALIA Society Sydney Montevideo Cape of Buenos Aires Good Hope King George s Port Desire Sound Hobart New Straits of Magellan SOUTH Falkland Zealand ATLANTIC Corn Tierra del Fuego During this voyage, Darwin made many observations that convinced him that evolution had taken place. For example, his studies of how the characteristics of similar species vary from place to place led him to conclude that species often change as they migrate and adapt to new environments: Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Galapagos Finches: Large ground finch (seeds) Cactus ground finch (cactus fruits and flowers) Based on his observations, as well as the ideas of other scientists such as Lyell and Malthus, Darwin wrote a description of the theory of natural selection in 1842, but for some reason he didn t publish it. Then, in 1858, another British naturalist, named Alfred Russel Wallace, sent Darwin an essay in which he described the same theory that Darwin had developed. Vegetarian finch (buds) Woodpecker finch (insects) Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display
5 This convinced Darwin to publish his ideas. In 1859, he described his theory in one of the most famous and influential books of all time: On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection. We can describe the theory of natural selection in 3 parts: 25 1) GENETIC VARIATION: There is variation among the members of a population. Some of this variation is genetic. The ultimate source of genetic variation is mutation. Mutations are random changes in the genetic material. 26 2) STRUGGLE FOR EXISTENCE: A population produces many more offspring than can survive long enough to reproduce. This idea was based on Thomas Malthus s Essay on the Principle of Population populations tend to increase faster than their food supply. This leads to a struggle for existence. 27 3) DIFFERENTIAL REPRODUCTION: Due to genetic variation, some individuals have traits that increase their chances for survival and reproduction. The genetic traits of better adapted individuals will become more common each generation, while the traits of less well adapted individual die out. 28 Although the importance of natural selection as a mechanism of evolution is now widely accepted, scientists have identified several other mechanisms that can also cause a change in the genetic makeup of a population from one generation to the next. The relative importance of these various mechanisms of evolution is currently the subject of much research and debate. 29 5
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