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1 Biodiesel Katrina Mills Laura Nevens Jessica Tuura

2 What is biodiesel? Mono-alkyl esters of long chain fatty acids derived from vegetable oils or animal fats which conform to ASTM D6751 specifications for use in diesel engines. Alternative fuel produced from domestic renewable resources Biodiesel refers to the pure fuel before blending with diesel fuel B20 is a blend of 20% biodiesel with 80% diesel Performance: Biodiesel shows similar fuel consumption, horsepower, torque, and haulage rates as conventional diesel fuel In Minnesota, legislation requires a minimum of 2% blend of biodiesel in all diesel fuels sold throughout the state

3 Advantages Disadvantages (vs. petroleum-based diesel fuel) Lower dependency on foreign Potential increased emissions of crude oil nitrous oxides Renewable Inferior cold-flow properties (with pure biodiesel or blends over Biodegradable and low toxicity 20%) Environmentally friendly Improvement of rural economies Lower combustion emission profile Use without engine modification Good engine performance Improved combustions because of its oxygen content t Ability to be blended with traditional petroleum-based diesel fuel

4 Types of Feedstock Soybeans Rapeseed (Canola) Sunflower Jatropha Wasted vegetable oil (WVO) Coconut Peanut Palm Oil Animal fats Tallow Yellow Grease Algae

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6 Energy It takes less energy to produce biodiesel Biodiesel requires lower agricultural inputs Biodiesel production involves more efficient conversion of feedstock to fuel Energy Output Energy Input = NEB - Ethanol yields 25% more energy than the energy invested in its production - Biodiesel yields 93% more energy GHG emissions are reduced 41% by production and combustion of biodiesel Net Energy Balance Estimates Biodiesel (from soybean oil) = 3.67 Corn-based ethanol = 1.25 Energy balance of biodiesel: 3.2 Energy balance of conventional diesel: 0.8 Minnesota Department of Agriculture

7 Base catalyzed transesterification of the oil with alcohol* Direct acid catalyzed esterification of the oil with methanol Conversion of the oil to fatty acids, and then to Alkyl esters with acid catalysis *most commonly used (most economical)

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9 Recipe for Biodiesel INGREDIENTS Mixture: Waste vegetable oil (WVO) -- used cooking oil, fryer grease, animal fats, lard Methanol (CH3OH) -- 99%+ pure Sodium hydroxide (NaOH -- caustic soda, lye) -- must be dry Titration Isopropyl alcohol (rubbing alcohol) -- 99%+ pure Distilled water Phenolphthalein solution (not more than a year old, kept protected from strong light) -- "Phenol" or "Phenol Red" from swimming pool or hot tub supply stores may not be the same as phenolphthalein; it can be used but the directions for use may be different

10 NEB of corn grain ethanol and soybean biodiesel production Hill J. et.al. PNAS 2006;103:

11 Environmental effects from the complete production and combustion life cycles of corn grain ethanol and soybean biodiesel Hill J. et.al. PNAS 2006;103:

12 The National Biodiesel Board has released the following sales volume estimates for the US: million gallons million gallons million gallons million gallons million gallons million gallons million gallons , gallons

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17 . New Capacity = 1.11 Billion Gallons/Year Total Capacity (Existing + New) = 3.35 Billion Gallons/Year

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20 Economic model of a 60 million gallon biodiesel plant The table shows that as feedstock prices exceed 30 per pound, the price of biodiesel needs to be above $3 per gallon for the plant to make a profit. Iowa State University Study Production cost for a 30 million gallon plant to be $2.233 per gallon of biodiesel. Production cost for a 60 million gallon plant to be $2.219 per gallon of biodiesel. Paulson, Nick. Iowa State University.

21 transportation statistics/html/table html

22 Global Trends

23 Global Trends

24 Global Trends / Issues Global climate change Speculated increased food prices globally Legislation Many players in the Bio-diesel market Jatropha

25 Legislation Tax incentives Blender Tax Credit Small Agri-Biodiesel Producer Tax Credit Alternative Fuel Refueling Infrastructure Tax Credit Farm Bill Energy Independence and Security Act 2007 Renewable fuel standards

26 Industry Trends Feedstock costs Changing feedstocks algae bacteria Food vs. Fuel

27 Trucking Highway Segment Passenger Vehicles Transit/ Buses

28 EPACT Regulated Fleet Federal State

29 Marine Segment Recreation boats Commercial ships

30 Home Heating Segment

31 Off-Road Segment Tractors Trains Airplanes htm

32 Supply Chain Dynamics Transportation and Logistics *Biodiesel has special considerations to consider in terms of transportation and logistics: origin, destination, if receiver is serviced by rail, and amount of volume the customer can handle *Distribution makes between 5-10% of the end product s cost Information Retrieved from:

33 1. Rail Supply Chain Dynamics Three Modes of Transfer -23,000-26,00026,000 gallons per railcar 2. Truck -6,600-7,200 gallons per truck 3. Barge , gallons per barge Information Retrieved from:

34 Supply Chain Dynamics Transportation and Logistics Challenges *Gaining access to rail can be challenging *Biodiesel is temperature sensitive in colder months *Maintaining product quality throughout the supply chain *Customers may not have much storage capacity *Biodiesel producers depend on third parties to supply ppy them with essential raw materials Information Retrieved from:

35 Supply Chain Dynamics Marketing and Distribution Channels Biodiesel industry is growing at a rapid pace so individual biodiesel producers must find ways to maintain margins and growth under challenging positions Producers can achieve sustained success by placing a relentless focus on maximizing efficiencies, reducing costs, and increasing yields Information Retrieved from:

36 Supply Chain Dynamics 1. Reliable Supply Critical Supply Chain Factors -Biodiesel producers need to make a determination on reliability of vendor to supply the necessary raw material by analyzing the production capacity and any other factors that may jeopardize delivery 2. Geography -The distance between supplier and producer facilities a key cost consideration 3. Quality Fuel -Quality of materials, particularly catalysts, has a direct correlation to yield and to purity and quality of the fuel itself Information Retrieved from:

37 Future Outlook for Biodiesel Industry Soybeans provide 90% of the oil needed for biodiesel production Soybean prices have increased dramatically over the past several years and production has skyrocketed However the Energy and Independence Act for the U.S. does state that by 2022 the U.S. needs to produce 36 billion gallons of biofuels Information Retrieved from: 1.html

38 Future Outlook for Biodiesel Industry Food Vs. Fuel Debate concept that it using food crops for renewable fuel feedstock is increasing the price and putting strain on traditional food crops current worldwide production of oils and fats not high enough to meet our current needs for fuel even if it was all dedicated to feedstock for biodiesel Price per Bushel ( $5 $ $ $ $10.46

39 Future Outlook for Biodiesel Industry Potential Alternative Feedstocks: Algae -Grows in climates not used for traditional food crops -Can produce an extremely high lipid content compared to any other feedstock Jatropha -Grows in poor soils not suitable for most food crops -Produces seeds with almost 40% oil content

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