Hardwood Diseases: Diagnosis and Assessment. Linda Haugen, Plant Pathologist USDA Forest Service, Forest Health Protection St.
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1 Hardwood Diseases: Diagnosis and Assessment Linda Haugen, Plant Pathologist USDA Forest Service, Forest Health Protection St. Paul, Minnesota
2 Hardwood Diseases: Diagnosis and Assessment Steps in Diagnosis Figuring out when a situation needs intervention Common Hardwood problems: Case Studies Sources of additional information and assistance
3 Steps in Diagnosis 1. Identify the host and determine if plant growth is normal 2. Collect site information 3. Collect host information 4. Consult references and make a diagnosis 5. Submit plant samples for laboratory analysis
4 Steps in Diagnosis 1. Identify the host and determine if plant growth is normal
5 1. Identify the host and determine if plant growth is normal
6 Steps in Diagnosis 1. Identify the host and determine if plant growth is normal 2. Collect site information site conditions Image from
7 Steps in Diagnosis 1. Identify the host and determine if plant growth is normal 2. Collect site information site conditions patterns on site
8 Patterns of Symptom Distribution on site Groups of plants in low areas. Groups of plants in high areas. Most of trees near the edge of a stand or planting. Groups of plants under the canopy of older trees. Groups of plants along roadways. Possible Causal Agents Abiotic: frost and winter injury, flooding and pesticide concentration Biotic: diseases favored by high humidity and soil moisture Abiotic: nutrient deficiencies, drought and wind injury Biotic: secondary insect and disease pests that attack weakened and predisposed trees Abiotic: Management activities that create stand edge effects, and induce stress associated with increased soil temperatures, reduced soil moisture levels, and increased wind damage. Biotic: movement of insect or disease pests from nearby tree species or windbreaks. Biotic: diseases and insect pests that move from the infested overstory trees to the understory trees and are favored by high humidity, shade, or feed on smaller diameter shoots. Abiotic: de-icing salts or herbicides applied for weed control.
9 Joseph O'Brien, USDA Forest Service, Bugwood.org (patterns on site ) Along fields In pockets Beside roadways
10 Steps in Diagnosis 1. Identify the host and determine if plant growth is normal 2. Collect site information site conditions patterns on site timing of occurrence Spring vs late summer? Sudden onset vs gradually over time? After some major disturbance?
11 Steps in Diagnosis 1. Identify the host and determine if plant growth is normal 2. Collect site information 3. Collect host information patterns on host plant part affected
12 Patterns of Symptom Distribution Top-down; Outside in This pattern is typical of damage caused by agents that disrupt the absorption and translocation of water and nutrients from the roots to the foliage. Bottom-up; Inside-out This pattern is typical of biotic agents that require high humidity, leaf surface water, or physical protection from desiccation, wind and rain. One-sided. This pattern is typical of damage caused by agents that affect one side of the tree. All over This pattern is typical of abiotic agents and some very fast moving biotic agents. Top down, Possible Causal Agents Abiotic: improper planting techniques, drought and mechanical outside injury in to roots, stems or main branches. Diseases: vascular wilt, canker and root diseases. Insects: root feeding, wood boring and some leaf feeding insects. Diseases: leafspot and needle cast diseases. Abiotic: de-icing salt or herbicides applied to roadways, mechanical injury to roots. Diseases: diseases that colonize one portion of the root system or the main stem. Abiotic: episodic weather events such as frost, winter injury, lightning strikes, high winds, hail or ice storms, drought, chemical injury and air pollution. Diseases: a small number of diseases that invade the conducting tissues can kill trees within a few weeks. Insects: insects that rapidly colonize and destroy the phloem and outer xylem such as bark beetles.
13 Patterns of Symptom Distribution Top-down; Outside in This pattern is typical of damage caused by agents that disrupt the absorption and translocation of water and nutrients from the roots to the foliage. Bottom-up; Inside-out This pattern is typical of biotic agents that require high humidity, leaf surface water, or physical protection from desiccation, wind and rain. One-sided. This pattern is typical of damage caused by agents that affect one side of the tree. All over This pattern is typical of abiotic agents and some very fast moving biotic agents. Possible Causal Agents Abiotic: improper planting techniques, drought and mechanical injury to roots, stems or main branches. Diseases: vascular wilt, canker and root diseases. Insects: root feeding, wood boring and some leaf feeding insects. Diseases: leafspot and needle cast diseases. Abiotic: de-icing salt or herbicides applied to roadways, mechanical injury to roots. Diseases: diseases that colonize one portion of the root system or the main stem. Bottom up, Abiotic: episodic weather events such as frost, winter injury, lightning Inside strikes, out high winds, hail or ice storms, drought, chemical injury and air pollution. Diseases: a small number of diseases that invade the conducting tissues can kill trees within a few weeks. Insects: insects that rapidly colonize and destroy the phloem and outer xylem such as bark beetles.
14 Patterns of Symptom Distribution Top-down; Outside in This pattern is typical of damage caused by agents that disrupt the absorption and translocation of water and nutrients from the roots to the foliage. Bottom-up; Inside-out This pattern is typical of biotic agents that require high humidity, leaf surface water, or physical protection from desiccation, wind and rain. One-sided. This pattern is typical of damage caused by agents that affect one side of the tree. All over This pattern is typical of abiotic agents and some very fast moving biotic agents. Possible Causal Agents Abiotic: improper planting techniques, drought and mechanical injury to roots, stems or main branches. Diseases: vascular wilt, canker and root diseases. Insects: root feeding, wood boring and some leaf feeding insects. Diseases: leafspot and needle cast diseases. Abiotic: de-icing salt or herbicides applied to roadways, mechanical injury to roots. Diseases: diseases that colonize one portion of the root system or the main stem. One-sided Abiotic: episodic weather events such as frost, winter injury, lightning strikes, high winds, hail or ice storms, drought, chemical injury and air pollution. Diseases: a small number of diseases that invade the conducting tissues can kill trees within a few weeks. Insects: insects that rapidly colonize and destroy the phloem and outer xylem such as bark beetles.
15 Patterns of Symptom Distribution Top-down; Outside in This pattern is typical of damage caused by agents that disrupt the absorption and translocation of water and nutrients from the roots to the foliage. Bottom-up; Inside-out This pattern is typical of biotic agents that require high humidity, leaf surface water, or physical protection from desiccation, wind and rain. One-sided. This pattern is typical of damage caused by agents that affect one side of the tree. All over This pattern is typical of abiotic agents and some very fast moving biotic agents. Possible Causal Agents Abiotic: improper planting techniques, drought and mechanical injury to roots, stems or main branches. Diseases: vascular wilt, canker and root diseases. Insects: root feeding, wood boring and some leaf feeding insects. Diseases: leafspot and needle cast diseases. Abiotic: de-icing salt or herbicides applied to roadways, mechanical injury to roots. Diseases: diseases that colonize one portion of the root system or the main stem. Abiotic: episodic weather events such as frost, winter injury, lightning strikes, high winds, hail or ice storms, drought, chemical injury and air pollution. Diseases: a small number of diseases that invade the conducting tissues can kill trees within a few weeks. Insects: insects that rapidly colonize and destroy the phloem and outer xylem such as bark beetles.
16 What Part of the Plant is Affected? Roots and Root Collar Linda Haugen, USDA Forest Service, Bugwood.org
17 What Part of the Plant is Affected? Roots and Root Collar Main Stem and Major Branches Linda Haugen, USDA Forest Service, Bugwood.org
18 What Part of the Plant is Affected? Roots and Root Collar Main Stem and Major Branches Shoots/Twigs/Buds
19 What Part of the Plant is Affected? Roots and Root Collar Main Stem and Major Branches Shoots/Twigs/Buds Foliage Linda Haugen, USDA Forest Service, Bugwood.org
20 What Part of the Plant is Affected? Roots and Root Collar Main Stem and Major Branches Shoots/Twigs/Buds Foliage Vascular System Linda Haugen, USDA Forest Service, Bugwood.org
21 Steps in Diagnosis 1. Identify the host and determine if plant growth is normal 2. Collect site information 3. Collect host information 4. Consult references and make a diagnosis 5. Submit plant samples for laboratory analysis
22 Figuring out when a situation needs intervention Is this serious/lethal? Will it spread/increase? Is there anything you can do about it?
23 Common Hardwood Problems Case Studies Diagnosis: Consider Host, timing and patterns on site, patterns on host Assessment: Is it serious? Will it spread? What can you do?
24 Case 1: Oak oak wilt Diagnosis - Host - Timing and Patterns on site - Patterns on Host, Plant part affected
25 Case 1: Oak oak wilt Assessment How Serious? Will it spread? What can you do?
26 Case 2: oak oak anthracnose Diagnosis - Host - Timing and Patterns on site - Patterns on Host, Plant part affected Assessment How Serious? Will it spread? What can you do? Joseph O'Brien, USDA Forest Service, Bugwood.org
27 Case 3: Bur Oak Blight Images from Tom Harrington, ISU
28 Case 4: Oak Decline Joseph O'Brien, USDA Forest Service, Bugwood.org
29 Case 5: Walnut leafspot
30 Case 6: Thousand Cankers Disease of Black Walnut Karen Snover-Clift, Cornell University, Bugwood.org
31 Case 7: Ash -- Anthracnose
32 Case 8: Ash Decline/yellows
33 Case 9: Ash -- EAB
34 Sources of Additional Information and Assistance Information: Services: Web resources Publications Diagnostic labs State services to landowners DNR: IA, IL, WI Extension: IA, IL, WI Consulting services, contractors
35
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