Unit 2 Cell Structure and Function Study Guide

Transcription

1 Unit 2 Cell Structure and Function Study Guide Cell Theory and Scientists There were many different scientists that had an influence in the discovery of cells. The invention and improvement of the microscope played a key role in the development of our understanding of cells. Below, you will find a list of scientists involved and their contributions to the scientific community. 1. Robert Hooke- British scientist, who in 1665, built a microscope and looked at cork from a plant. He described the cork as looking like hundreds of boxes, and named these boxes cells which means little boxes. 2. Anton van Leeuwenhoek- Dutch merchant, in 1673, built a microscope to look at pond scum. He saw many small creatures swimming around and named them animalcules which means little animals. He also was the first person to see bacteria. 3. Matthias Schleiden- German scientist, in 1838, made the observation and conclusion that all plant parts are made of cells. He came to this conclusion after looking at thousands of plant slides and reading about other scientists research. 4. Theodor Schwann- German scientist, in 1839, stated that all animal tissues are made of cells. He concluded this after studying numerous animals under the microscope. He also wrote the first two parts of the cell theory: a. ALL ORGANISMS ARE COMPOSED OF ONE OR MORE CELLS. b. THE CELL IS THE BASIC UNIT OF LIFE IN ALL LIVING THINGS. 5. Rudolf Virchow- German scientist, in 1858, saw that cells could not develop from anything except other cells. He then wrote the third part of the cell theory: a. ALL CELLS COME FROM EXISTING CELLS. CELL THEORY 1. ALL ORGANISMS ARE COMPOSED OF ONE OR MORE CELLS. (Schwann) 2. THE CELL IS THE BASIC UNIT OF LIFE IN ALL LIVING THINGS. (Schwann) 3. ALL CELLS COME FROM CELLS. (Virchow)

2 Name Cell Membrane Prokaryotic/ Plant/Animal Pro, Cell Organelles Chart Description Function Image Flexible boundary that surrounds the cell Bi-layer of proteins & lipids Separates the cell from outside environment Selectively permeable Cell Wall Pro, P Rigid Structure outside plasma memb Made of cellulose Additional support, protection Gives cell its shape Nucleus Contains DNA (directions to make proteins) Controls the cell activities Nuclear membrane/ Envelope Double memb layer that surrounds nucleus Allows material to move into & out of Nucleus (RNA pass through pores) Nuclear Pores 1000s of pores in nuclear envelope Allow material to move into & out of Nucleus Nucleolus Small dense region in nucleus Assembly of ribosomes take place here Cytoplasm Pro, Clear Gelatinous(jelly) fluid inside the cell Chemical reactions take place here Cytoskeleton Network of protein filaments Helps the cell to maintain its shape & 3 D structure Cell movement

3 Cilia/ Flagella Ribosome A Pro, Short/long projections of microtubules Tiny, abundant Made of RNA & Protein Cell Movement Site of protein synthesis Endoplasmic Reticulum Golgi Apparatus Highly folded memb in cytoplasm 1. Rough E.R. (ribosome) 2. Smooth E.R. (no ribosomes) Flattened stack of tubular memb Found near cell memb Connects membrane Moves material Process protein Smooth E.R. production & storage of carbs & lipid Sorts & packs protein into vesicle & transports them Lysosome A Contains digestive enzymes Digests food, bacteria, worn out organelle Vacuole P, A (small or none) Sac (membrane bound) Stores food, enzyme, and other material Support Mitochondrion Double membrane bound organelle Power house of cell produces energy for growth, development, and movement Centrioles A Small structure outside nucleus formed from microtubules Helps in cell division (mitosis) Helps in forming flagella and cilia Chloroplast P Double membrane bound organelle Pigment chlorophyll is present in inner menb Captures light & converts it into chemical energy Pigment chlorophyll (photosynthesis) Things ALL cells have in common: -DNA -cell membrane -cytoplasm -ribosomes

4 Eukaryotic Cells (include plant, animal, fungi and protist cells) have nuclei, have membrane covered organelles, have linear DNA Animal Cell: Has Centrioles Has Lysosomes Small Vacuoles No Cell Wall Plant Cell: Has chloroplasts Has large vacuole Has Cell Wall Prokaryotic Cells (bacteria) have no membrane-covered organelles, Circular DNA, ribosomes and are unicellular

5 Practice Questions 1. How many cells would you expect to find in a multicellular organism? 2. List the size of cells in order of largest to smallest. (Use animal, plant, and bacterial) 3. What materials is the cell membrane composed of? 4. What is the main component in the cell wall of a plant? (Name of sugar found there). 5. The cell theory states that all organisms are made of cells; cells are the most basic unit of life; and. 6. What is the term for the jelly-like substance that is contained inside the cell membrane? 7. Unlike a eukaryotic cell, a prokaryotic cell does not have. 8. Specialized structures that work together inside a cell are called. 9. What is the term for a network of proteins that supports and gives shape to a cell? 10. What is the main function of the Golgi apparatus? 11. What organelle can be found in the cytoplasm and on the surface of the endoplasmic reticulum? 12. What organelle contains enzymes that break down damaged cell parts? 13. What is the main difference between plant and animal cells? 14. Which organelle is the storehouse for most of the cell s genetic information? 15. What organelle would you expect to find on the rough endoplasmic reticulum? 16. Which organelle supplies energy to the cell? 17. What organelles would you expect to find in a plant cell but not an animal cell? 18. What process takes place in the chloroplast? 19. What is the function of the mitochondria? 20. What organism does NOT have a cell wall? 21. All living things are made up of. 22. What organelle controls what enters and leaves the cell? 23. What organelle has the function of protecting and supporting the cell? 24. What organelle surrounds the nucleus? 25. What is the function of the nucleolus? 26. What organelle is responsible for pulling the chromosomes apart during cell division in animal cells? 27. What organelle is the site of cellular respiration? 28. What organelle is the site of protein synthesis? 29. What organelle is responsible for modifying, packaging, and sorting molecules from the ER for storage and transport out of the cell (Hint: post office)? 30. Name the individual a. Responsible for viewing thin slices of cork under a microscope and giving cells their name

6 b. Was the first individual to view living organisms under a microscope and called them animalcules c. Was the first individual to determine that plant cells were made from cells d. Was responsible for the portion of the cell theory that states all living things are made up of cells e. Was responsible for viewing cells dividing under a microscope\ 31. Label the following cell below. Use the word bank below to label the cell. Cell Membrane Lysosome Smooth ER Nucleolus Golgi Body Rough ER Cytoplasm Nuclear membrane Mitochondria Ribosomes Nucleus Centrioles Vacuole Vesicle