CELL STRUCTURE & FUNCTION
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1 CELL STRUCTURE & FUNCTION Professor Andrea Garrison Biology 11 Illustrations 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
2 Cell Theory Cells : Most basic unit of living system Arise by cell division from existing cell Make up all living organisms All living things composed of one or more cells & cell products Cell Structure and Function 2
3 Basic cell structure Cytoplasm 80% water, organelles Nucleus Contains genetic material; controls cell activities Cell membrane Separates cell from environment and regulates passage in/out of cell Cell Structure and Function 3
4 How tiny are cells, anyway? Cell Structure and Function 4
5 How tiny are cells, anyway? Very, very tiny Cell Structure and Function 5
6 Resolution of lenses Cell Structure and Function 6
7 Electron Microscope Used to see things smaller than 0.1 mm (= 100 μm) Uses beam of electrons to see structures Scanning EM used to study surface of object Transmission EM used to internal structure Cell Structure and Function 7
8 Light microscope SEM TEM Cell Structure and Function 8
9 Categories of Cells Based on how they feed Autotrophs vs. Heterotrophs Based on cell structure Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes Cell Structure and Function 9
10 Categories of Cells Autotrophs make their own food Heterotrophs eat another organism Cell Structure and Function 10
11 Categories of Cells Prokaryotes lack organelles Eukaryotes have organelles Cell Structure and Function 11
12 Organelles Internal membrane-bound structures For example, nucleus & chloroplasts Cell Structure and Function 12
13 Organelles Internal membrane-bound structures For example, nucleus & chloroplasts Perform specific functions Nucleus contains DNA, transcribes genetic code into messages that control cell activities Chloroplasts site of photosynthesis Cell Structure and Function 13
14 Prokaryote--no organelles Cell Structure and Function 14
15 Eukaryote--organelles Cell Structure and Function 15
16 Eukaryotic Cell Structure Variety of organelles present Cell structure related to cell function Not all organelles present in all cells Abundance of organelles differs between cells Cell Structure and Function 16
17 Plant vs. Animal Cells Plant cells Animal cells Cell Structure and Function 17
18 Plant vs. Animal Cells Plant cells Cell wall Animal cells None Cell Structure and Function 18
19 Plant vs. Animal Cells Plant cells Cell wall Chloroplasts for P/S Animal cells None None Cell Structure and Function 19
20 Plant vs. Animal Cells Plant cells Cell wall Chloroplasts for P/S Central vacuole Animal cells None None None Cell Structure and Function 20
21 Plant vs. Animal Cells Plant cells Cell wall Chloroplasts for P/S Central vacuole None Animal cells None None None Lysosomes Cell Structure and Function 21
22 Plant vs. Animal Cells Plant cells Cell wall Chloroplasts for P/S Central vacuole None None Animal cells None None None Lysosomes Centrioles to assist with cell division Cell Structure and Function 22
23 Plant vs. Animal Cells Cell Structure and Function 23
24 Plant vs. Animal Cells Cell Structure and Function 24
25 Nucleus Functions: Holds genetic material (DNA) Controls cell activities Cell Structure and Function 25
26 Nucleus Nuclear Envelope: 2-layered membrane Pores allow chemical communication Inside Nucleus: Chromatin = DNA + protein Nucleolus makes ribosomal RNA (rrna) Cell Structure and Function 26
27 Nucleus Ribosomes: Made of rrna Not organelles Present in cytoplasm & on membrane outside nucleus Function in making proteins Cell Structure and Function 27
28 Nucleus Inside nucleus: DNA messenger RNA Outside nucleus: Ribosomes use mrna to make proteins to be used in cell functions Cell Structure and Function 28
29 Ribosomes Cell Structure and Function 29
30 Endomembrane System Membrane made around nucleus Cell Structure and Function 30
31 Endomembrane System Membrane made around nucleus Membrane moves from nucleus to outer plasma membrane Moves through various organelles on the way Different function with each new organelle Cell Structure and Function 31
32 Endomembrane System Cell Structure and Function 32
33 Endomembrane System Cell Structure and Function 33
34 Endomembrane System Cell Structure and Function 34
35 Endomembrane System Cell Structure and Function 35
36 Endomembrane System Cell Structure and Function 36
37 Endomembrane System Cell Structure and Function 37
38 Endomembrane System Cell Structure and Function 38
39 Organelles of Endomembrane System Cell Structure and Function 39
40 Organelles of Endomembrane System: Nuclear Envelope Membrane made around the nucleus Moves into Endoplasmic Reticulum Cell Structure and Function 40
41 Organelles of Endomembrane System: Endoplasmic Reticulum Rough ER: Has ribosomes Surface area Makes proteins Cell Structure and Function 41
42 Organelles of Endomembrane System: Endoplasmic Reticulum Rough ER: Has ribosomes Surface area Makes proteins Smooth ER: No ribosomes, has enzymes Surface area Makes lipids Breaks down drugs, etc. Cell Structure and Function 42
43 Organelles of Endomembrane System: Endoplasmic Reticulum Cell Structure and Function 43
44 Organelles of Endomembrane System: Transport Vesicles Membrane sacs pinched off ER or other organelles Transport to Golgi apparatus to other areas of cell to outside of cell Cell Structure and Function 44
45 Organelles of Endomembrane System: Transport Vesicles Membrane sacs pinched off ER or other organelles Transport to Golgi apparatus to other areas of cell to outside of cell Cell Structure and Function 45
46 Organelles of Endomembrane System: Golgi Apparatus Flattened sacs pinched off Rough ER Receives proteins from rough ER via transport vesicles Modifies proteins Packages proteins for transport to other area of cell or plasma membrane Cell Structure and Function 46
47 Organelles of Endomembrane System: Golgi Apparatus Cell Structure and Function 47
48 Organelles of Endomembrane System: Transport Vesicles Membrane sacs pinched off ER or other organelles Transport to Golgi apparatus to other areas of cell to outside of cell Fuse with plasma membrane Cell Structure and Function 48
49 Organelles of Endomembrane System: Lysosomes Sacs pinched off from Golgi membrane Contain digestive enzymes Intracellular digestion Food vacuoles to digest food Damaged organelles Cell destruction after death Cell Structure and Function 49
50 Organelles of Endomembrane System: Lysosomes Cell Structure and Function 50
51 Organelles of Endomembrane System: Vacuoles Sacs pinched off from internal membrane or plasma membrane Variety of types with different functions Contractile vacuoles in Protista Central vacuole in plants Cell Structure and Function 51
52 Organelles of Endomembrane System: Vacuoles Contractile vacuole Absorbs excess water in cytoplasm Contracts to expel excess water Cell Structure and Function 52
53 Organelles of Endomembrane System: Vacuoles Central vacuole Storage Water Nutrients Wastes Toxins Pigments Cell Structure and Function 53
54 Other Organelles & Structures Not Associated with Endomembrane System Cell Structure and Function 54
55 Organelles associated with energy Chloroplasts and mitochondria Provide cellular energy Contain their own DNA Feature not found in other organelles Encodes some of their proteins Still require nuclear DNA for full function Considered evidence that these organelles evolved from free-living prokaryotes Cell Structure and Function 55
56 Organelles associated with energy Chloroplasts Found in photosynthetic cells plants and some protistans Site of P/S Cell Structure and Function 56
57 Chloroplasts Grana Surface area to trap light Contains chlorophyll Stroma fluid Site of sugar production Cell Structure and Function 57
58 Organelles associated with energy Mitochondria Found in all eukaryotes Site of ATP production Cell Structure and Function 58
59 Mitochondrion Cristae Surface area for ATP production Matrix Fluid Site of sugar breakdown Cell Structure and Function 59
60 Non-membrane bound structures Found in prokaryotes or eukaryotes May or may not be found in all cells Cell Structure and Function 60
61 Non-membrane bound structures Cytoskeleton Network of fibers Microtubules Associated with cell movement Intermediate filaments Microfilaments Function Support Movement Cell Structure and Function 61
62 Non-membrane bound structures Cytoskeleton Support Maintains cell shape Holds organelles in place Cell Structure and Function 62
63 Non-membrane bound structures Cytoskeleton Movement Network of fibers constantly dissolving and reforming in new arrangements Allows cell to change shapes Allows chromosomes to move apart during cell division Cell Structure and Function 63
64 Non-membrane bound structures Centrioles Core of microtubules Occur in pairs Act as anchor to pull chromosomes apart during cell division Not found in plant cells centrioles Cell Structure and Function 64
65 Non-membrane bound structures Flagella & Cilia Hair-like structures that aid in movement Core of microtubules creates beating motion Move cells through liquid Create currents past non-moving cells Cell Structure and Function 65
66 Non-membrane bound structures Flagella Long whipping tails Usually 1-3 per cell Propel cell forward Found in many protists Found in human sperm Cell Structure and Function 66
67 Non-membrane bound structures Cilia Short hair-like structures Usually many on cell surface Beat in synchrony Found in many protists Found in human tissues Cell Structure and Function 67
68 Non-membrane bound structures Cell Structure and Function 68
69 Non-membrane bound structures Cell Wall Found in variety of cells Bacteria Protistans Plants Fungus Protective structure outside plasma membrane Porous to water, salts Cell wall Cell Structure and Function 69
70 Cell Junctions Connections between cells Proteins tie cells together Cell Structure and Function 70
71 Types Tight junctions Cell Junctions Seal cells together so molecules cannot slip between cells i.e., cells lining intestine Adhering junctions (desmosomes) Strengthen attachment so cells won t tear apart i.e., skin Gap junctions Channels allow movement of molecules between cell i.e., heart muscle Cell Structure and Function 71
72 Cell Junctions ions.html Cell Structure and Function 72
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