Performance of HSDPA and HSUPA at 900/2000 MHz bands

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1 Performance of HSDPA and HSUPA at 9/2 MHz bands João Pedro Roque 1, Sérgio Pires 2 and António Rodrigues 1 1 Instituto de Telecomunicações / Instituto Superior Técnico Technical University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal 2 Celfinet, Portugal Abstract The main purpose of this paper is to study the High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) and High Speed Uplink Packet Access (HSUPA) performance at 9/2 MHz bands, considering a multiple users and services scenario. The intention is to evaluate the traffic management between the two carriers, the coverage and capacity aspects. A simulator was developed to study the multiple users scenario, enabling the analysis of network performance by varying several parameters. In order to better evaluate the system HSDPA and HSUPA 9/2 MHz, two different strategies were applied in the network, the Carrier 2 Loading and the Priority Service strategy. Keywords - UMTS, HSDPA 9/2 MHz, HSUPA 9/2 MHz, Traffic Management Strategies, Capacity, Coverage. I. INTRODUCTION UMTS carriers are currently used by data services based on the HSDPA and HSUPA technologies, which can now deliver peak data rates of up to 7.2 Mbps and 1.45 Mbps, respectively. The coverage of these services is unfortunately limited in the standard UMTS 2 MHz band. This, results in a significant reduction of the practical data rates that can be delivered, especially inside large buildings, as well as in rural areas. One cost-effective way to address this issue is to deploy the mobile broadband services in the Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) 9 MHz band, where the propagation characteristics are much more favourable when compared to the regular 2 MHz band. This solution is referred to UMTS 9. Furthermore, the UMTS deployed at 2 MHz frequencies, where the signal attenuation is higher than at 9 MHz, requires fairly high site density making a challenge to match existing GSM 9 coverage with the same sites. Thus, UMTS can take benefit of the better signal propagation at 9 MHz, improving the indoor coverage and the cell sizes. Hence, the main purpose of this paper is to study HSDPA and HSUPA performance at 9/2 MHz bands, considering a multiple users and services scenario. The intention is to evaluate the traffic management between the two carriers, the coverage and capacity aspects, such as average network throughput and satisfaction rate, among others. A comparison of HSDPA performance for 5, 1 and 15 HS-PDSCH codes is addressed, as well as the different capacity impacts of the increase of the number of codes. The objectives were accomplished through the development and implementation of a simulator that enables the analysis of HSDPA and HSUPA multiple users model at 9/2 MHz, being capable to produce results according to several parameters. The remainder of this paper is outline as follow. Some basic concepts necessary to understand the UMTS, HSDPA, HSUPA and UMTS 9 technologies are explained in section II. In section III, it is presented the multiple users model. In section IV, the results analysis is described. Finally, in section V, the conclusions are draw and the future research purposed. A. UMTS II. BASIC CONCEPTS Since the beginning, UMTS network has been designed to support any type of services, where each service does not require particular network optimisation, whereas the 2 nd generation systems were designed for efficient delivery of voice services. The UMTS network must be able to deliver high and reasonably constant bit rate, to avoid high delay connections. These bit rate and delay requirements may be achieved in a cost efficient way by utilising the Quality of Service (QoS) differentiation features that are available in UMTS. Thus, when the system load is getting higher, it becomes more important to prioritise the different services according to their requirements, through the QoS. B. HSDPA The HSDPA concept was designed with the purpose to improve the downlink (DL) packet data throughput, being deployed on the top of WCDMA network and launched in March 22. HSDPA is also capable to improve capacity and spectral efficiency, sharing all network elements with Release 99. The HSDPA performance depends significantly on the network algorithms, deployment scenarios traffic, QoS and mobile terminal (MT) receiver performance and capability. There are 12 MT categories in HSDPA, being the achievable maximum data rates ranging from.9 to 14.4 Mbps. C. HSUPA HSUPA specification work started with focus on evaluating potential enhancements for the uplink (UL) dedicated 1

2 transport channels, after the successful finalization of the first version of HSDPA. Hence the first version was launched in December 24 by the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP), being known as HSUPA Release 6. HSUPA emerged to improve capacity and data rates in the UL direction, being possible to achieve 1 to 2 Mbps data rates compared to Release 99 s 384 kbps. This technology uses most of the basic features of Release 99 in order to work, such as power control loop and Soft Handover (SHO) which are essential for HSUPA operation. The only change is a new way of delivering user data from the user equipment (UE) to the Node B. Similar to HSDPA, performance in HSUPA depends on parameters such as network algorithms, deployment scenario, MT transmitter capability, Node B receiver performance and capability and type of traffic. Thus, there are 6 MT categories for HSUPA, being the achievable maximum data rates ranging from 69 kbps to 4.59 Mbps D. UMTS 9 The main feature of UMTS 9 is to provide a better indoor coverage in existing UMTS deployment areas and enabling larger cell sizes in new UMTS areas, being possible to use the same services and the same peak data rates as used by UMTS 2. Hence, deploying UMTS 9 with HSPA (High Speed Packet Access) by reusing the existing GSM sites allows mobile operators to offer UMTS services, such as high data rate multimedia services, to the benefits of the consumers. When there is a hot spot, e.g. tourist places, train stations, etc, where more capacity is needed, higher frequency bands, such as 2 MHz band, can be used to offer additional capacity, as shown in Figure 1. Figure 1. UMTS coverage at the 9MHz and 2 MHz, extracted from [4]. Actually, the cell area with UMTS 2 is from 2.5 to 3. km 2, while in UMTS 9 the cell area can be 2.5 times larger, 7 to 8 km 2. On the other hand, UMTS 9 can reduce the required number of base station sites by 6 %, while maintaining the same coverage [1], as illustrated in Figure 2. The UMTS 9 voice and data have higher coverage, when compared with UMTS deployed at 2 MHz frequencies. Hence, the deployment of less base station sites directly implies lower cost for the network. Figure 2. Suburban cell size with 95 % indoor coverage, extracted from [2]. Concerning the carrier separation, when deploying macro cellular UMTS 9 in urban area and rural area in coexistence with another UMTS 9 network, the carrier separation between two UMTS networks should be 5 MHz or more, similar to the UMTS deployment in 2 MHz band. Concerning the traffic management between UMTS 9 and UMTS 2, it is believed that all, or at least, most of UMTS 9 handsets will have UMTS 9/2 dual-band capability. Taking into account that UMTS 9 cell range is larger than UMTS 2, in a dual-band UMTS 9/2 network UMTS traffic should be sent to UMTS 2 layer (a). When possible, leaving UMTS 9 layer to handle traffic in the area where there is no UMTS 2 coverage (b), as shown in Figure 3. Figure 3. Traffic management between UMTS 9 and UMTS 2, extracted from [4]. As a conclusion, the most significant benefit of deploying UMTS in 9 MHz frequency band comes from the fact that, compared to 2 MHz band, radio wave propagation pathloss at 9 MHz is much smaller. So, offering the same service (data rates) and same coverage, the required number of sites in 9 MHz band is reduced by 6% compared to that in 2 MHz band, [4]. This will bring economic benefit on UMTS operator s investments and makes it possible to propagate benefits to the end-users in terms of wider coverage and possibly lower level of usage costs. UMTS 9 will be deployed by reusing the GSM sites within the existing service area. Deploying UMTS 9 with HSPA in rural area by reusing the existing GSM sites is a cost-effective solution for mobile operators to offer UMTS services, such as high data rate multimedia services, whereas deploying the UMTS at 9 MHz band in urban areas can improve indoor coverage. 2

3 III. MODELS AND SIMULATOR DESCRIPTION 1) HSDPA and HSUPA models In this section, a description of the HSDPA and HSUPA 9/2 MHz model for the analysis of traffic management between Node Bs of 9 MHz and 2MHz is presented. The objective of this model is to know the network capacity, average satisfaction rate and the instantaneous throughput available, according to the topology introduced in the user interface, which allow to modify several parameters, such as, Node B transmission power, number of HS-PDSCH codes for HSDPA simulator, Node Bs and MT antenna gains, type of environment, among others. Regarding this analysis, two different strategies were developed considering the same network deployment, being necessary to calculate the maximum cell radius for both cells, 9 MHz and 2 MHz. The maximum cell radius is calculated for the maximum distance that allows the user to be served with the desired throughput, so it was calculated for the service with higher throughput. The pathloss is calculated using the COST-231 Walfisch- Ikegami propagation model: L p[ db] L [ db] + Ltt[ db] + Ltm[ db] = EIRP[ dbm] Pr[ dbm] + Gr[ dbi] M [ db] = (1) where, L is the free space loss; L tt, the rooftop-to-street diffraction loss; L tm, the approximation for the multi-screen diffraction loss; EIRP, the Equivalent Isotropic Radiated Power; the P r, available receiving power at the antenna; G r, the receiving antenna gain; M, the total margin. Thus, through the manipulation of (1) and the Ltt and L expressions from the propagation model, the maximum cell radius can be calculated by the expression: R Km [ ] = 1 ' ' EIRP[ dbm] PR[ ] + GR[ ] M dbi [ db] L dbm tt[ db] Ltm[ db] L [ db] 2+ Kd ' where, L log( [ ] ) tt = Ltt K d d ; Km K is the dependence of the d multiscreen diffraction loss versus distance; d is the distance between the user and the Node B; ' L = L 2 log( d[ ]) and R is the maximum cell radius. Km Regarding frequency, one can conclude that for 9 MHz, the cell radius for the maximum service throughput considered in HSDPA, 2.48 Mbps, is approximately.6 km, whereas the cell radius for 2 MHz is.3 km. This is due to fact that with the increase of the frequency, the path loss increases, leading to a cell radius decreases. Regarding the traffic management optimization between the two types of cells, it is considered one of the two strategies available in the simulator, Carrier 2 Loading or Priority Service strategy. Furthermore, the operators can use several strategies depending of the users importance, services priority, or different strategies can simply be applied for day (2) and for night. Following this approach, it was considered the Carrier 2 Loading to represent the most common strategy, independent of if it is a dense area, if it is day or night. This strategy takes into account the services penetration percentages and the priority list. The Priority Service strategy also takes into account these same features, but uses it in a different way, emphasizing the most priority service. This second strategy is most useful when the network is overflow and the operators opt to guarantee that the most priority users are served. In the Carrier 2 Loading algorithm all users are connected to the 2 MHz carrier at the beginning. After, the system capacity is analysed at each Node B, by summing the throughput of all users connected to it. If the sum is higher than the throughput threshold, the users are moved to the 9 MHz Node Bs, one by one, according to their distance and the QoS priority list, since the furthest and less priority users are the first to be analysed. Then, the capacity analysis is once again made and if the system is over limit, the reduction strategy at the 9 MHz Node Bs level is applied. In the Priority Service strategy algorithm, initially, the users which belong to the most priority service are connected to the 9 carrier, whereas the others users are connected to the 2 MHz Node Bs. Then, the system capacity is analysed at the Node Bs, by summing the throughput of all users connected to them, being the 2 MHz cells the first to be analysed. Thus, if the total throughput is higher than the limit of each Node B, the users are moved to the 9 MHz cell, one by one, considering the distance and the QoS priority list. Finally, it is applied the reduction strategy, if the 9 MHz Node Bs are over their limit. 2) Network Deployment The simulator has the capacity to load different scenarios, according to the previously set parameters (e.g. physical conditions, antenna configurations and type of topology), giving the application a wide range of deployments and outputs, due to the combination of the these parameters in several ways. Thus, it is possible to analyze the influence of a specific parameter in the network, in order to evaluate the HSDPA and HSUPA 9/2 MHz performance. The application places the 9 MHz Node Bs co-sited with the 2 MHz, being the number and the localisation of each one read from the txt file set in the user interface, which takes into account the maximum cells radius. The co-sited Node Bs are alternate with the 2 MHz Node Bs, along the network dimensions, since the 9 MHz cells are bigger than the 2. 3) User s Generation The main objective of the user s generation module is to generate and distribute a number of users, set at the user interface, according to the services percentages defined in Table 1. The services considered in this simulator do not 3

4 include voice; they are only data services, since the HSDPA and HSUPA are mainly used for this type of services. Services Table 1. Profile One Characterisation. Penetration Percentage [%] Profile 1 Quality of Service (QoS) priority Web Streaming FTP 1. 4 Chat P2P Firstly, the number of users that belong to one of the services considered in Table 1, are obtained using the Matlab random function, being generated a number between and 1. This random number lays in one of the intervals that takes into account the services penetration percentages, and according to this interval the MS is set to a specific service. It is also taken into account the users priority, according the QoS priority list presented. These values can also be consulted in Table 1. Furthermore, this module has the capacity to distribute the users generated, using a uniform distribution, for the network. The distribution takes to account the network dimensions, since the generated numbers are distributed by the network width and height dimensions, for the horizontal and vertical positions, respectively. 4) HSDPA and HSUPA 9/2 MHz Implementation The HSDPA and HSUPA are two different modules, which were implemented to enable the analysis of the impact of the 9 MHz band in the network. However, this two applications run under the same Network Deployment and make use of the same Users Generation. The HSDPA and HSUPA were built to analyze the network capacity and coverage, through a snapshot approach, calculating instantaneous network results as number of user per Node B and traffic. Since they have a similar function, these modules will be analysed together. Concerning the main objectives of the simulator, the need to calculate the signal to noise ratio (SNR) is inherent and mandatory for the both applications. Using the throughput in function of SINR graphic, the requested throughput is mapped into SINR and Ec/N for HSDPA and HSUPA, respectively. Hence, it is possible to calculate the minimum received power that allows the user to be served with the requested throughput, calculation. P = N G + SNR (3) Rx min[dbm] [dbm] P[dB] [db] where, N is the Total Noise Power; G p, the processing gain; SNR, the Signal to Noise Ratio. Firstly, the pathloss is calculated using the expression shown in (1). Besides the considered path loss, the total pathloss depends on some additional margins, which are set in the menu interface with the objective to simulate different channel conditions. These margins are related to the slow and fast fading margins, being described by a Gaussian and Rayleigh distribution, respectively, to the indoor penetration losses and to the soft handover gain for HSUPA, being the impact on the overall results quite significant. After the total pathloss, several parameters related to the Equivalent Isotropic Radiated Power (EIRP) are requested, being set by the user. The EIRP requested parameters are: BS and MT transmission power; BS and MT antenna gain; User losses; Cable losses; Diversity gain, only for HSUPA; System signalling and control power. Another, important physical aspect is the noise power, which is calculated taking into account the following parameters also obtained from the menu interface: Noise Factor and the Interference Margin. The interference margin is calculated based on the total number of users of the Node B coverage area. In this paper it is considered the higher number of users connected to the Node Bs, thus the interference margin taking into account for HSDPA and HSUPA is the maximum value, i.e., 6 db. The number of HS-PDSCH codes is an important parameter for the evaluation of the network HSDPA performance, since it is responsible for the throughput increase of the end of user. Finally, the application calculates the receiver sensitivity with the objective to obtain SNR values of each user in the network. SNR[ db] = PRx N [ dbm] [ dbm] + G p = [ db] = EIRP[ dbm] Lp + G [ db] r[ dbi] Lu / c N [ db] [ dbm] + G p[ db] After calculating the SNR values, the throughput is associated with each user, according to the user distance between all Node Bs to all users, i.e, the maximum throughput that each Node B can offer to each user, using the expressions of interpolation curves from [3]. Then, the user is connected to the closest Node B, which has the minimum pathloss, and is associated with the throughput of that connection. Furthermore, concerning the throughput that can be offered to the user, it is necessary to take into account 3 different situations: i) When the throughput associated to the distance is higher than the service s throughput, the user is served with the requested throughput; ii) On the other hand, if the throughput distance is higher than the minimum service and lower than the maximum service throughput, the user is served with the throughput distance; iii) The other situation is when the throughput distance is lower than the minimum service throughput, being the user without coverage and is counted outage. (4) 4

5 Additionally, the analysis of the system s capacity is carried out at the Node Bs, by summing the throughput of all users connected to the Node B. So, if the sum is lower than the maximum allowed throughput for Node B, all users are served without reduction, whereas if the sum is higher than the throughput threshold in Table 2, the Quality of Service Reduction reduction strategy is applied. In this reduction strategy all the users throughput of the same service is reduced by 1%, according to a list containing the services priorities. Table 2. HSDPA and HSUPA maximum application throughput. System Maximum Throughput [Mbps] HSDPA 5 HS-PDSCH codes 3. HSDPA 1 HS-PDSCH codes 6. HSDPA 15 HS-PDSCH codes 8.46 HSUPA 1.22 The approach used for HSDPA is also used for HSUPA, being the SHO the only difference, because each user can be connected to the two closest Node Bs. In this case, the user throughput is the minimum throughput allowed by one of the two available throughputs from each Node Bs. It is also considered a limit for a user to be in SHO,.384 Mbps, since a user in SHO allocated more resources than when the user is connected to only one Node B. The services considered in this simulator do not include voice; they are only data services, since the HSDPA and HSUPA are mainly used for this type of services. The Profile One characterisation is shown in Table 3. Services Table 3. Profile One Characterisation. Penetration Percentage [%] Profile 1 Quality of Service (QoS) priority Web Streaming FTP 1. 4 Chat P2P IV. RESULTS ANALYSIS As the main objective of this paper is to study HSDPA and HSUPA performance at 9/2 MHz bands, a set of simulation scenarios was conceived in order to evaluate this impact, regarding several parameters variation. Hence, it was adopted a default scenario to simplify the results analysis, over which was performed the parameters variation, comparisons and further conclusions. The default scenario has the goal to study the multiple users scenario, which considers the users uniformly distributed along the network, performing different services with different throughputs. The main objective of the following analysis is to show how much the use of the 9 MHz carrier could have improved the previous releases, and to pick the systems with better performance for DL and UL, which are the ones from the later releases. For these systems, simulations were performed, for DL and UL, varying the available configurations, with the objective to evaluate the relative impact, in terms of coverage, capacity and throughput. The parameters considered for the default scenario are the 15 HS-PDSCH codes for HSDPA, 1 users and the Profile One. Then, it is analysed some parameters variation, such as the 5 and 1 HS-PDSCH codes for HSDPA, 3 users and two others profiles characterization, as it is shown in Table 4. Services Table 4. Alternative profiles characterisation. Penetration Percentage [%] Profile Two Penetration Percentage [%] Profile Three Quality of Service (QoS) priority Streaming Web Chat FTP P2P A. HSDPA 9/2 MHz evaluation All the results presented in this subsection were obtained using the simulator and the HSDPA model introduced in Section III. Hence, several simulations were effectuated for the two traffic management strategies. 1) Default Scenario Considering all the users served in all simulations performed and their distance to the Node B they are connected to, it was evaluated the instantaneous user throughput for the two carriers. From Figure 4 one can notice that for a distance further than.5 km, the user throughput starts to have an irregular behaviour for both carriers. This occurrence can be explained by the decreasing number of users that are served when the user s distance increases, since according to the QoS Reduction strategy, the users are also evaluated from their distance, i.e, the throughput reduction strategy starts to be applied from the furthest user to the closest one. Hence, the number of delayed and outage users are higher for distance above.5 km. Furthermore, the main differences of the user throughput for the 9 MHz carrier and 2 MHz carrier are due to the traffic management strategy adopted in this case. For the 2 MHz carrier, it is possible to notice three lines, where the users are mainly concentrated. This fact happens, because the users are firstly set to the 2 MHz BSs, being moved to the 5

6 9 MHz Carrier BSs only after the system capacity analysis. Thus, there are few users reduced and the higher number are localised around their requested throughput, which are 1.536, 1,24 and.384 Mbps. Concerning the 9 MHz carrier, Figure 4 left side, it is illustrated the QoS Reduction Strategy performance, since the users are mainly spread between the.1 km and.5 km and are served with a large variety of throughputs, according to the number of reductions suffered by them. the traffic management strategy adopted in the default scenario. This difference is in the user throughput, where in the 2 MHz carrier it is possible to notice that the users spread over their requested throughput, since they are only reduced in 9 MHz carrier. 2) Number of HS-PDSCH Codes The influence of the number of HS-PDSCH codes was also analysed, and can be observed that an increase from 1 to 15 codes improves the average network throughput around 2.14 Mbps, i.e. 32%, as well as the maximum throughput allowed for a single Node B, since there are more codes available for data transmission. When the variation is from 5 to 15 codes, the increasing in average network throughput, satisfaction rate and total served users is obviously higher, i.e. around 68%, 4% and 39% respectively. As conclusion, more codes available lead to an increase of the total network throughput, satisfaction rate and number of served users. 2 MHz Carrier Figure 4. HSDPA instantaneous user throughput for all users depending with distance, according to users distribution one. 3) Number of Users The instantaneous user throughput for all network was got from the overlap of both carriers, Figure 5. It can also be noticed the same behaviour of each carrier separately, which is also justified by the fact that the average user distance is around.3 km. Relatively to the number of users impact in the network, it can be seen that when introducing more users, from 1 to 3 users, the average network throughput presents an increase of 13 %, as there are more users in the network to be served. This increase is mostly due to the higher number of web users served, which are the most priority and have a higher requested throughput. Hence, the majority Node Bs are full with the web users with their maximum throughput due to the Carrier 2 Loading strategy. On the other hand, as there are more users in the network, and the resources are the same, there is a reduction in the average satisfaction rate of approximately 21 %. With more users in the network, the average satisfaction rate and average ratio of served users decrease, because the resources are the same to serve more users. The average ratio of served users is lower, but the number of effective served user when considering 3 users is higher. As expected, this difference is due to the fact that the users suffer a higher reduction in the 9 MHz carrier, when considered 3 users, whereas the number of users in 2 MHz carrier is approximately the same. HSDPA Instantaneous Throughput for all users Figure 5. HSDPA instantaneous users throughput of all network depending with distance. Regarding the offered and served traffic, there is a small reduction of Web users which is compensated by a small increase of 3.54% on the percentage of P2P users. The offered and served percentages are similar for the other services analysed. Due to the QoS differentiation introduced in the reduction strategy used, the service with the higher priority, Web, has the highest average instantaneous throughput per user and the second highest satisfaction rate, almost 8%. The average network throughput is 6.64 Mbps, while the average instantaneous user throughput is around.81 Mbps with a satisfaction rate of around 64.69%. Relatively to the average instantaneous throughput per user, it is possible to conclude that it decreases with distance, since the signal to interference noise ratio (SINR) is the limiting factor, due to the introduction of the interference margin in the multiple users scenario. Thus, the SINR value for a user further away from the Node B becomes lower, leading to a reduction of the throughput given to each user. Further, there are differences between the 9 MHz carrier and 2 MHz carrier, due to 4) Alternative Profiles When comparing the Profile One with Profile Two and Three, Table 3, the alternative ones present a significant reduction on the percentage of users performing P2P, which is one of the most demanding services in terms of throughput. On the other hand, there is an increase in the percentage of users performing Chat, and FTP. In an overall perspective, it can be said that both alternative profiles are more demanding, in terms of users throughput, than the Profile One. Evaluating these variations, it is possible to notice that there are not variations on the average network throughput for the alternative profiles, when comparing with the Profile One. For the average satisfaction rate, there is a decrease when changing from the Profile One to the alternative profiles. The 6

7 The percentage of users performing Chat, whose maximum throughput considered, is.384 Mbps, increases. These users can be more easily served by the network, since are applied less reductions. This implies an overall increase of the average satisfaction rate from the Profile Two to the Profile Three. 9 MHz Carrier profile number one has a significant number of users performing Web, which was move from first to second in the priority list, being, reduced more users of this service than in the Profile One, leading to a lower average satisfaction rate. 2 MHz Carrier Figure 6. HSUPA instantaneous user throughput for all users depending with distance, according to users distribution one. As it is shown in Figure 7, the average instantaneous user throughput is approximately constant for distances until.5 km. After this distance the network behaviour tends to be irregular, which is due to the fact that few users are served with the requested throughput when they are placed beyond.5 km, since according to the QoS Reduction strategy, the users are evaluated from their distance, i.e, the throughput reduction strategy start to be applied from the furthest user to the closest one. The use of SHO also helps to justify the constant throughput results, as when the distance increases and one would expect a reduction of the user throughput, the probability of the user being in SHO increases, as the user is more likely to be near the cell edge. For the default scenario, the average network radius is.23 km. 5) Strategies Comparison Analysing the two different strategies, which were applied in the network, the Carrier 2 Loading and the Priority Service strategy, it is possible to notice that the Carrier 2 Loading strategy is the best one, as it allows a higher throughput and satisfaction rate per service in general, except for web service, which presents better results when it is used the Priority Service strategy. The Carrier 2 Loading strategy improves.33 Mbps the average network throughput, representing an increase of 5.2 %, and it allows an increasing of 2.68% in the satisfaction rate, when compared with the Priority Service strategy. On the other hand, the Priority Service strategy is the best one when the operators want to give extremely importance to one specific group of users. As illustrated in this paper, it is possible to improve the Web average throughput and satisfaction rate, in 2.4% and 2.3% respectively, by using the Priority Service instead of using the Carrier 2 Loading strategy. B. HSUPA 9/2 MHz evaluation All the results presented in this subsection were obtained using the simulator and HSUPA model introduced in Section III. Hence, it was evaluated the instantaneous user throughput of all network and for the both carriers separately. HSDPA Instantaneous Throughput for all users Figure 7. HSUPA instantaneous users throughput of all network depending with distance. Regarding the offered and served traffic, it is possible to conclude that the reduction of 2.12% in the served users performing Streaming, is mainly due to fact that these users requested throughput is equal to its minimum throughput, meaning that, when reductions are performed more than one time, Streaming users are always delayed. 1) Default Scenario From Figure 6, is possible to notice the expected differences, which are due to the Carrier 2 Loading strategy. The user can only be served by the 2 carrier for distances until.38 km, as is shown in Figure 6 left side, since the HSUPA system has less available resources than the HSDPA. Thus, the users requesting HSUPA services for distances furthest than.38 km are moved to the 9 MHz Node Bs due the Carrier 2 Loading strategy. On the other hand, it is possible to observe the same three lines present in HSDPA user throughput, being here where the users are mainly concentrate, since they are localised around their requested throughput which are.512,.384 and.64 Mbps. 2) Number of Users Relatively to the number of users impact in the network for HSUPA 9/2 MHz, it can be seen that when introducing more users, from 1 to 3 users, the average network throughput presents an increase of 18.4%. With more users in the network, the average satisfaction rate and average ratio of served users decrease, because the resources are the same to serve more users. The average ratio of served users is lower, but the number of effective served user when considering 3 users is higher. 7

8 3) Alternative Profiles When introducing more demanding profiles, such as Profile Two and Profile Three, the network is still capable of serving the same users as the ones for the Profile One. This fact explains the approximate same value for the percentage of total served users, around 37%, i.e. 37 users. As for the average satisfaction rate, there is a smooth increase when changing from the Profile One to the alternative profiles. This is due to the fact that the first one has a significant number of users performing P2P, which is the first service to be reduced, leading to a lower average satisfaction rate. The alternative profiles present a low percentage of P2P, which it is now the second service to be reduced. There is also an increase in terms of percentage of Chat, whose maximum throughput is.384 Mbps, which can be more easily served by the network, therefore, less reductions have to be performed. Concluding implies an overall increase of the average satisfaction rate for the alternative profiles. For HSUPA, there are an increase of.5% and.6%, from Profile One to Profile Two and Three, respectively. 4) Strategies Comparison As observed in HSDPA, the Carrier 2 Loading strategy has a better performance in HSUPA, since allows uniform results for all services. In the service by service analysis, Streaming has an average satisfaction rate of 1%, even though Web is the service with the highest QoS priority. This is due to the fact that, for HSUPA, the maximum and minimum Streaming throughputs are equal, meaning that, when the Streaming users are served it is with the requested throughput. On the other hand, the Priority Service strategy shows the best results for web service, which it was given more importance, being illustrated the strategies adopted by the operators when want to give a better service for a specific group. Hence, it is possible to improve the average network throughput in 14.3% and the average satisfaction rate in 7.2%, for users performing Web service when it is used the Priority Service strategy. Hence, this strategy allows better performances for one specific service, according to operator s requirements. Regarding the average network throughput, it is possible to notice that this one is also higher when it is applied the Carrier 2 Loading strategy, but the main difference is in the satisfaction rate, which presents an increase of 23% relatively to the Priority Service strategy. V. CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE WORK The aim of this work was to analyse the HSDPA and HSUPA performance in the 9/2 MHz frequencies, in terms of traffic management between the two carriers, capacity, average network throughput and satisfaction rate. This model was implemented in a simulator written in Matlab, with the purpose to calculate the statistical parameters in a multiple users scenario with a certain requested throughput, varying several parameters of each system. Concluding, the Priority Service strategy should only applied, when the operators intend high requirements for one specific users group, because the better performance of these users is achieved by reducing one average the throughput and satisfaction rate of the other services available. For future work, it would also be interesting to study the HSDPA and HSUPA 9/2 MHz with GSM system, in the same network. Hence, the strategies present in this paper could be developed with the intention of allowing a traffic management between the HSDPA and HSUPA 9/2 MHz cells and 9 MHz GSM cells. REFERENCES [1] Holma, H. and Toskala A., WCDMA for UMTS HSDPA Evolution and LTE, John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, UK, 27. [2] Holma, H. and Toskala A., UMTS 9 Co-Existence with GSM 9, Holma, H., Ahopaa T and Prieur E. [3] Lopes,J., Performance of UMTS/HSDPA/HSUPA at the Cellular Level, M.Sc. Thesis, IST-UTL, Lisbon, Portugal, 28. [4] UMTS Forum White Paper, Deployment of UMTS in 9 MHz band, Oct

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