Latent heat storage in concrete Dipl.-Ing. Jens H. Dieckmann

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1 University of Kaiserslautern Department of Construction Physics and Technical Equipment Prof. Dr. rer. nat. H. Heinrich

2 Principle effect conclusion: In a small temperature range a lot of energy can be stored with small mass and volume of the material.

3 Example water The heat of fusion is nearly as much as energy can be stored in the liquid phase.

4 Phase change materials () For applications in the building structure paraffins and salt hydrates are suitable.

5 Comparison of thermal masses Comparison of the layer thicknesses of different building materials heat capacity: approx kj Temperature range: 10 K

6 as building product can't be used directly as building product because of their material properties (e.g. melting)! At present there are three solutions to get into common building : - Macro encapsulation - Micro encapsulation - Storage in porous matrix structures

7 Macro encapsulation Kissmann, Germany Christopia, France TEAP, Australia

8 Micronal, BASF AG Knauf KG Gypsum plasterboard Microencapsulation Maxit Group Climatic finery Further one: Aerated concrete stones, loam plates

9 in carrier structures Fiber boards (Rubitherm) clay/tone - granulates (Rubitherm) Advantage: - Better activating because of better heat conductivity - No problems by volume stretch - Inexpensive

10 The innovation We connect non capsulated paraffin with light weight rock granulations. + In order to develop a kind of concrete which can be directly used in the construction elements with improved physical characteristics.

11 Advantages Depending on Application! More effective heat Possibly no need for other utilities Smaller construction units Constant room temperature Higher thermal comfort Protection from overheating Smoothing of temperature peaks Shift of the peak load times Saving of fossil energies

12 process Phase 1: Selection of the suitable light rock granulation as carrier matrix and the selection of the further concrete components Phase 2: Choice of a suitable filling variant Phase 3: of concrete recipe Phase 4: Analysis of the improved thermal material properties

13 Phase 1 Considered the characteristics of building materialtechnological and building physics aspects, e.g. Large capacity High heat conductivity High firmness in order to assure the suitability of the materials for our purposes.

14 Micro copies: Blowing glass: Phase 1 Wash pumice: Large differences in surface texture, pore volume, pore size, pore distribution, pore type

15 Phase 1 Lab tests from the building material-technological and the building physics aspect: Basis is the DIN and DIN EN Bulk density according to DIN EN Water absorption according to DIN EN Gross density according to DIN EN Pure density according to DIN Overall porosity according to DIN Water content according to DIN Determination of the heat conductivity according to DIN Grain pressure strength after appendix A of the DIN EN Result: Wash pumice, nature pumice, blowing glass, blowing slate

16 Phase 1 Lab tests from the building material-technological and the building physics aspect: Basis is the DIN and DIN EN Bulk density according to DIN EN Water absorption according to DIN EN Gross density according to DIN EN Pure density according to DIN Overall porosity according to DIN Water content according to DIN Determination of the heat conductivity according to DIN Grain pressure strength after appendix A of the DIN EN Result: Wash pumice, nature pumice, blowing glass, blowing slate

17 Phase 2 In phase 2 different filling variants were examined. Melting Evacuation Splashing Result: up to 100 M.% admission

18 Find a suitable concret recipe! Phase 3 Consideration of the desired material properties such as minimum pressure firmness, Pump ability, and maximum content Challenges: e.g. separation, Heat of hydration

19 C[kJ/(kg²K)] C[kJ/(kg²K)] in concrete Phase 4 concrete content: (wet): 26,8 V.% 16,4 M.% Lightweight concrete More directly Composition without T [ C] T [ C] Theoretical, idealized result of the specific heat capacity

20 Result: Phase 4 heat capacity Δc [kj/kg] 50,00 45,00 40,00 35,00 30,00 25,00 20,00 15,00 10,00 5,00 0,00 21,00 23,00 25,00 27,00 29,00 31,00 T[ C] Spec. Thermal capacity concrete: 45,86 kj/kg Spec. Thermal capacity comparison concrete: 19,16 kj/kg Increase about 139%

21 Phase 4 intermittent heat transfer Wooden test wall between two climatic rooms Two different test disks (50*50cm) in the test wall

22 ϑ o,a max ϑ Phase 4 intermittent heat transfer Heat flow trough the test wall Δϑ o,a ϑ o,i max ϑ M p o,a ϑ o,a ϑ o, i max ϑm Δϑ o,i p o, i ϑ o,a min ϑ o,i min Programmed temperature characteristics T [ C] Programmierte Temperaturverläufe t [h] Außen (Klimaraum I) Innen (Klimaraum II)

23 Phase 4 intermittent heat transfer

24 Phase 4 intermittent heat transfer Intermittent heat transfer:

25 Phase 4 intermittent heat transfer Intermittent heat transfer:

26 Result: Phase 4 intermittent heat transfer Improvement: 78% Improvement: 26 %

27 Thermography cooling down behavior Thermography image at beginning of the test Thermography image after 2 hours Thermography image after 4 hours Cooling down behavior

28 Summary / Conclusion The concrete can be designed for the requirements of application concrete can support the building heat or protect from summer overheating the Implementation as active system increases the efficiency of the heat

29 Possible locations in the building structure are ground, walls, cover Summary / Conclusion

30 One example of use Activated base plate for heater support

31 Thank you for your attention

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