Ruins, Rebuilding, and Two Europes
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1 History 104 Europe from Napoleon to the PRESENT 6 April 2009 Ruins, Rebuilding, and Two Europes Checkpoint Charlie
2 Warsaw in 1910 and 1945 Ruins, Rebuilding, Two Europes: Ruins
3 Children, Old People, and Ruins Soviet Union, 1945 more than 25 million homeless people 7.5 million civilian citizens killed during Nazi occupation (nearly ½ in Ukraine) 3,000,000 taken as slave labor for German factories (2,000,000 of those died) over 10,000,000 military deaths France, ,000-60,000 civilians killed by Allied bombing 20 of 27 largest cities: at least 1/3 destroyed railroads > 1/2 destroyed orphans waiting for food (UNICEF photo, Truman Library) imports exceeded exports by 500% 650,000 workers forced into German factories British residential neighborhood after the Blitz (Life magazine) Ruins, Rebuilding, Two Europes: Ruins
4 Rationing and shortages after the war rationing continues in Britain until 1954 food prices increase 600% in France, approx. 2,000,000 deaths from starvation in USSR, Office of War Information poster (USA, 1943) Upwards of 80,000 women are enrolled in the Women s Land Ruins, Rebuilding, Two Europes: Ruins Army for work on British farms (British, 1944?)
5 Der Trümmerfrauen: Women of the Rubble Berlin, /3 of housing destroyed no electricity, gas, or water cholera & diphtheria epidemics 25% of people were over 60; 10% were under 10 Ruins, Rebuilding, Two Europes: Ruins
6 Wirtschaftswunder and the trente glorieuses * * economic miracle and thirty glorious years privately owned cars in Italy in area of Paris, France , , ,000, ,000, ,000,000 nuclear power plant on the Loire River France skyline, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
7 From Rubble to Skyscrapers: Europe, Introduction: Children, Old People, and Ruins The End of World War II Rebuilding: What to do with Germany? Two Europes and one Cold War neighborhood war memorial in Munich, Germany (names of those dead in Franco-Prussian War and First World War are on the monument; World War Two names are on the plaques behind) Berlin, 1945 Ruins, Rebuilding, Two Europes: lecture structure
8 World War II: The Great Patriotic War at least 48,000,000 people (out of approx. 174,000,000) killed, injured, or left homeless more than 25 million homeless people 7.5 million civilian citizens killed 3,000,000 taken as slave labor 2,500,000 POWs killed over 10,000,000 military deaths documented deaths = roughly 90 times the figures for USA The Glory of Stalin s guards resounds magnificently around the Earth (1947) Soviet Flag Raised over the Reichstag (Berlin), 2 May 1945 End of World War II: Won by the USSR
9 Atomic Weapons: The End of War as We Know It War is politics by other means. Carl von Clausewitz, survivors return to Hiroshima four months after the bombing Atomic weapons reach backward beyond the frontier of western civilization, to the concepts of warfare that were once familiar to the Asiatic hordes. They cannot really be reconciled with a political purpose directed to shaping, rather than destroying, the lives of the adversary. They fail to take into account the ultimate responsibility of men for one another, and even for each other s errors and mistakes. They imply that man is his own worst enemy. George Keenan (senior U.S. diplomat), memo to Truman Administration, End of World War II: What does it mean to win?
10 The Big Three Transformed, Feb.-July 1945 For the Russian people, Poland is not only a question of honor, it is a question of security. Throughout history, Poland has been the corridor through which the enemy reached Russia. For Russia, Poland is a matter of life and death. Stalin at Yalta Winston Churchill, Franklin D. Roosevelt, Joseph Stalin Yalta Conference, Feb March 1945 Joint Chiefs of Staff (JCS) order 1067 Take no steps toward the economic rehabilitation of Germany or that are designed to maintain or strengthen the German economy July 1947 JCS 1779 an orderly, prosperous Europe requires the economic contributions of a stable and productive Germany Stalin, Harry Truman, Clement Attlee Potsdam Conference, July 1945 Ruins, Rebuilding, Two Europes: End of World War II
11 What to do with Germany? Hanover Prussia Hesse Saxony Bavaria Austria Roosevelt s 1943 plan for partitioning Germany after the war Hitler s Empire, 1941 Ruins, Rebuilding, Two Europes: Rebuilding
12 Defining Guilt, Placing Blame Germany Nuremberg Trials, ; trial for International war crimes 24 indictments 12 executions 7 prison sentences 3 found innocent France trials for collaboration approx death sentences; 767 executions 1950: 40,000 people in jail for collaboration 1951: 1, : épurations (purges) 10,000 people shot The Denazificator (1946 cartoon) Ruins, Rebuilding, Two Europes: Rebuilding
13 Defining Guilt, Placing Blame France, % of Vichy (collaborationist) civil servants and experts still in post West Germany, % of employees in Ministry of Foreign Affairs had been Nazi Party members (higher figure than in 1940) French woman having her head shaved (sign of horizontal collaboration ) Ruins, Rebuilding, Two Europes: Rebuilding
14 European Recovery Plan: The Marshall Plan Dollar value of goods provided, France 2,296,000,000 Germany 1,448,000,000 Italy 1,204,000,000 UK 3,297,000,000 Greece 366,000,000 TOTAL 12,721,000,000 General George Marshall US Sec. of State, Ruins, Rebuilding, Two Europes: Rebuilding
15 Domesticity and Ideology Stalin s care brightens the future for our children (1947) British refrigerator ad, 1950 food rationing continued in Britain until 1954 Ruins, Rebuilding, Two Europes: Rebuilding
16 Consumer Culture and Europe s Economic Miracle Italian sewing machine advertisement, 1950 German sales brochure (Volkswagen), 1958 Ruins, Rebuilding, Two Europes: Rebuilding
17 Divided Germany, Divided Europe 1945 Germany divided into four Occupied Zones June 1948 American, British, and French zones agree common economic and currency reforms June 1948-May 1949 Soviet land blockade of Berlin July 1948-May 1949 Berlin airlift (34 flights/hour) May 1949 Federal Republic of Germany (West) and German Democratic Republic (East) formed forced collectivization in East prompts emigration 1961 Berlin Wall built Nov demolition of Wall begins Peter Fechter, killed by guards at Berlin Wall, 1962 Factors contributing to division of Germany West German political elites chose prosperity and military security over neutrality US economic and political need for a strong German market and ally against Soviet expansion Soviet policy need to rebuild economy after war, and for protection against west France and Britain fears of strong Germany
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