CALL EM AS YOU HEAR EM:

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1 CALL EM AS YOU HEAR EM: Ear Training & Phonetic Transcription (& Brain Stuff) for Teaching Pronunciation Dr. Robin C. Barr Linguist-in-Residence American University, Washington DC January 25, 2014

2 Myths about Teaching Pronunciation Only native speakers can teach it. Teachers must speak clearly and not like normal conversation. Pronunciation is about consonants and vowels.

3 The traditional view of pronunciation The teacher s role: 1. Demonstrate proper pronunciation. 2. Students imitate teacher. 3. Point out students errors. Tell them to listen harder. 4. Repeat from step 1 ad infinitum, slower and louder each time. No training necessary native speakers only.

4 How the brain processes language: Left hemisphere Broca s Area: automatic rules of phonology and syntax Wernicke s Area: lexical access

5 How the brain processes language: Right hemisphere Rhythm Intonation

6 How to bypass Broca s Area?

7 How to bypass Broca s Area? Left hemisphere L1 Phonetics and Phonology rules L1 Morphology and Syntax rules Fast speech: Consonants and short vowels Math, Logic, Analysis Sequencing Routines Right hemisphere Music Emotions Intonation and long vowels Environmental sounds Non-L1 sounds Gestalt processing Faces and Spatial processing Exceptions, details

8 How to bypass Broca s Area? Use other parts of the brain and other learning styles. Visual Kinesthetic / muscle memory Musical / non-linguistic sounds No more listen harder!

9 So, what is ear training? Raising awareness of speech sounds by using other parts of the brain and other learning styles. Visual Kinesthetic / muscle memory Musical / non-linguistic sounds No more listen harder! Production leads to perception

10 DANGER! Don t rely too much on the written language: Pronunciation is not reading aloud English spelling is not phonetic Students may become text-bound Students need to understand spoken language You will hear what you expect to hear [ Obama s Elf : [Masking: ] [McGurk Effect: Lesson tip: Present language orally first, before writing it.

11 Phonetic transcription you already know more than you think you do. CONSONANTS MANNERS OF ARTICULATION PLACES OF ARTICULATION LABIAL DENTAL bilabial labiodental interdental alveolar palatal velar uvular glottal Stops voiceless p t k ʔ voiced b d g Affricates voiceless č voiced ǰ Fricatives voiceless f θ s š h voiced v ð z ž Nasals m n ŋ Liquids l r Glides w y Unfamiliar symbols IPA American variant

12 Phonetic transcription you already know more than you think you do. CONSONANTS MANNERS OF ARTICULATION PLACES OF ARTICULATION LABIAL DENTAL bilabial labiodental interdental alveolar palatal velar uvular glottal Stops voiceless p t k ʔ voiced b d g Affricates voiceless ʧ voiced ʤ Fricatives voiceless f θ s ʃ h voiced v ð z ʒ Nasals m n ŋ Liquids l ɹ Glides w j Unfamiliar symbols IPA European variant

13 Phonetic transcription you already know more than you think you do. VOWELS Front Central Back High Mid tense i ɨ u lax I ʊ tense e ə o lax ɛ ɔ Low æ ʌ ɑ Unfamiliar symbols Rounded vowels

14 Feel where and how sounds are produced. CONSONANTS MANNERS OF ARTICULATION PLACES OF ARTICULATION LABIAL DENTAL bilabial labiodental interdental alveolar palatal velar uvular glottal Stops voiceless p t k ʔ voiced b d g Affricates voiceless č voiced ǰ Fricatives voiceless f θ s š h voiced v ð z ž Nasals m n ŋ Liquids l r Glides w y IPA American variant

15 Visual and kinesthetic tricks to raise awareness of articulation Hold your hand in front of your mouth to feel the aspiration (puff of air) after initial voiceless stops (p, t, k). Use mirrors to spot jaw movement, lip rounding, tense vs. lax vowels, diphthongization.

16 Visual and kinesthetic tricks to raise awareness of articulation Use a diagram of the mouth to switch from kinesthetic to visual mode and back.

17 Visual and kinesthetic tricks to raise awareness of articulation Touch the Adam s apple (larynx) to feel the vocal cords vibrating during voiced consonants. Or put both hands over ears to amplify voiced sounds resonance inside the head. Start with fricatives [e.g. ssssss vs. zzzzzz] before trying stops [aabba vs. aappaa].

18 Visual and kinesthetic tricks to raise awareness of articulation It is hard to feel sounds in which the articulators (tongue, lips, roof of the mouth) don t actually touch, but only approach each other (fricatives, glides, liquids, approximants). Try this trick: pronounce the sound, then don t move! Inhale sharply. The coldest parts of your mouth are where the air is moving fastest, which is where the sound is being created.

19 Locate vowels with lollipops and colors don t trust your ears!

20 Color Vowel Sorting Task Discovery for intermediate to advanced classes. English spelling is not completely phonetic there is not a one-toone correspondence between sound and symbol. Raise awareness of vowel sounds, and discover the 15 key color vowel words. Download from

21 Visual and kinesthetic tricks to raise awareness of articulation It is even harder to feel the position of the tongue during vowels. Place a lollipop on the blade of the tongue in order to become more aware of what the tongue is doing. Let the lollipop move freely while you hold the stick lightly. Try [i] green vs. [u] blue ; [ae] black vs. [a] olive,

22 RETHINKING PRONUNCIATION: BEYOND THE SEGMENT Without a sufficient, threshold-level mastery of the English prosodic system, learners intelligibility and listening comprehension will not advance, no matter how much effort is made drilling individual sounds. Gilbert (2008) (adapted from Gilbert, 2008)

23 Rubber bands: stress and vowel length (Visual/kinesthetic/rhythmic)

24 Rubber bands: stress and vowel length (Visual/kinesthetic/rhythmic) The rubber band is many teachers favorite pedagogical tool! Use size 84 rubber bands the effort needed to stretch this heavy band is an analog for the effort expended in stressing a vowel. The horizontal movement represents the length of the vowel visually, and the time it takes for the band to snap back represents the length of the vowel rhythmically.

25 Rubber bands: State sorting task (Visual/kinesthetic/rhythmic) DA da da da DA da da da DA Michigan Maryland Iowa (etc.) Nevada New Hampshire Hawaii (etc.) Illinois Tennessee

26 Kazoos for intonation and rhythm: How to kazoo? Hum into the big end -- don t blow!

27 Intonation and Rhythm Acquired first, before any segments Baby babbling 1: Baby babbling 2: Can help restore speech even when Broca s area is injured Gabby Giffords Rehab:

28 Kazoos for intonation and rhythm Key word/ phrase Stress pattern Key word/ phrase Stress pattern GREAT way to GO PERfect FAScinating the BEST incredible WONderful overwhelming amazing out of this WORLD Adapted from Karen Taylor

29 Simple Songs with rhythm that matches the spoken language: Clap Clap Clap Clap THREE BLIND MICE THREE BLIND MICE SEE HOW they RUN SEE HOW they RUN They ALL ran AF ter the FAR mer s WIFE She CUT off their TAILS with a CAR ving KNIFE Did you E ver SEE such a SIGHT in your LIFE As THREE BLIND MICE!

30 Chants: Jump-rope rhymes, cheers, marching cadences. Step Left Step Right Step Left Step Right LEFT LEFT LEFT right LEFT I LEFT my wife and FORty-three children A- LONE in the house with- OUT any peanut-butter LEFT LEFT LEFT right LEFT

31 Lexical chunks: chant useful phrases, teach syntax and morphology, without using Broca s Area. (adapted from Carolyn Graham, Jazz Chants) I m SORry I WAS n t in CLASS! [I SAID, ] I m SORry I WAS n t in CLASS! I had the FLU! My CAT got SICK! I m SORry I WAS n t in CLASS! My CAR broke DOWN! I LOST my KEYS! I my! My is! (etc.)

32 How can we include pronunciation in typical scripted language lessons?

33 Incorporate unscripted useful lexical chunks into language presentations: Can you hold? Could you please spell your name? Do you have any openings this afternoon? Who s your primary care physician?

34 Organize vocabulary by color vowel Green tea Silver pin Gray day Red dress Black cat Purple shirt A cup of mustard Olive sock Blue moon Wooden hook Rose coat Brown cow Auburn dog White tie Turquoise toy

35 For advanced students, use flooding to predict pronunciation Find words with similar stress patterns and morphology (e.g. the same suffix). Chant them chorally and rhythmically, using rubber bands on the stressed syllable. Prescri ption Expira tion Solu tion Opera tion Informa tion

36 Understanding how the brain conceals linguistic information can help you increase your students Accuracy your students Comprehensibility your students Fluency Challenges: convincing students teachers administrators

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