Guidebook for Optical Time Domain Reflectometer
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1 Guidebook for Optical Time Domain Reflectometer May 2006 Communication and Measurement Business Headquarters Yokogawa Electric Corporation Copyright (C) 05 NTT Advanced Technology Corporation Optical Time Domain Reflectometer Optical Time Domain Reflectometers can measure distance to the connector and the loss at that point by using only one end of the optic fiber. AQ7260 OTDR <Usage> Loss Measurement: transmission loss (loss between optional zones), loss at the connector Distance Measurement: distance to the connector, distance to point of defaults, the length of optic fiber Return Loss Measurement: return loss at the connector and at the tip of optic fiber 1 1
2 The Conditions of the Optic Fiber and the OTDR Waveform Display Incoming light Fusion point Connector Bending point Open tip Backscattered light level Distance 2 Characteristics (1) Dynamic Range These figures display the amount of loss. The bigger the figure, the bigger the loss (or longer the distance). Dynamic range (SNR=1) 3 2
3 Characteristics (2) Attenuation Dead Zone This reflects the minimum distance from the Fresnel reflection where loss measurements are made. Optic fiber Connector Connection loss Attenuation dead zone 4 Characteristics (3) Event Dead Zone The smallest distance to detect a reflective event that follows another reflective event. Optic fiber Peak Connector Event dead zone 5 3
4 Check measurement environment In principle, keep both ends open. Must take care particularly when using maintenance wavelength (1,650nm) according to the construction and maintenance specifications when connecting active lines. Clean OTDR and the optic connectors. Measurement Flowchart Power ON Set up measurement conditions Execute measurement Store measurement results Power OFF Write up report 6 Setting the Measurement Conditions The following conditions must be set up prior to making measurements. a) Measurement Wavelength Set up the measurement wavelengths according to the figures specified in the construction and maintenance specifications or set the wavelengths adjusted to the wavelength used in the optical lines. b) Distance Range c) Pulse Width d) Attenuation e) Group Refractive Index Must make accurate settings according to the optic fiber characteristics. Make settings according to the group refractive index written in the specifications of the optic fiber manufacturer or the construction and maintenance specifications. f) Others: Average out the number of times (time), event detection threshold level, approximation process 7 4
5 Measurement Conditions Settings TRACE MARKER FILE OPTION SETTING INITIALIZE MEASURE CONDITION WAVELENGTH AUTO SET Dist. RANGE PULSE WIDTH ATTENUATION AVE CONDITION AVE INTERVAL GROUP INDEX DATA SIZE AVERAGE METHOD AUTO SEARCH CONDITION EVENT SEARCH APPROX. METHOD BACKSCATTER SPLICE LOSS RETURN LOSS END OF FIBER OTHER CONDITION FILTER PLUG CHECK AVE CONTINUE UNDO MULTI WL MEASURE OFF DONE CANCEL Cursor Movement Select Cancel MEASURE CONDITION LIST The changed conditions will be final. Screen for List of Measurement Conditions Settings 8 Setting the Distance Range Set the distance range to the closest distance when the length of the optic fiber under test is known. eg.) optic fiber: 15km distance range, 10km, 20km, 40km, [Ref] The measurement time will be longer when the distance range is longer. The distance range can be set automatically with the auto range function when the length of the optic fiber under test is unknown. To avoid ghost waveforms due to secondary reflections, we recommend to set the distance range to the closest distance that is over two fold of the optic fiber under test when measuring short optic fibers under 10km particularly with little loss and does not terminate at the far end (has large Fresnel reflections) eg.) optic fiber: 4km distance range:, 5km, 10km, 20km 9 5
6 Ghost Waveform due to Secondary Reflection OTDR First reflection Second reflection Distance L Distance L Ghost Secondary reflection Distance Range Widen 10 Setting the Pulse Width Pulse width is the width of the optical pulse from the OTDR reflected in a time frame. Long pulse widths are suitable for long distance measurements but then the dead zone will become wider and the connector for short intervals will disappear. On the other hand, short pulse widths can identify connectors of short intervals but it cannot make long distance measurements as the optical power will decrease. The pulse width can be set automatically according to the distance range by using the automatic range function. Relationship between the Pulse Width and Dynamic Range Dead Zone (for reference) Pulse Width Dynamic Range 1.31/155μm Attenuation/Event Dead Zones 10ns 12/10dB 8/3m 20ns 13/11dB 9/4m 200ms 21/19dB 27/16m 1μs 30/28dB 122/122m 20μs 45/43dB 2030/-m 11 6
7 Examples of Measurements using Different Pulse Widths (1) The following diagrams are measurement results when the optic fiber is approximately 40m and the pulse width is 4μs and 100ns. Results when using 4μs Results when using 100ns 12 Examples of Measurements using Different Pulse Widths (2) The following diagram shows the measurement results of connected optic fiber using pulse widths of 10ns, 50ns, and 100ns. OTDR 40m 15m 20m Pulse width 10ns Pulse width 50ns Pulse width 100ns 13 7
8 Setting the Attenuation Attenuation can be set up automatically to the value suitable to the pulse width under test by using the auto range function. However, the reflection point may saturate, as shown in the diagram below, when large Fresnel reflections occur due to bad connections. Accurate return loss values cannot be measured when the reflection point is saturated. Please set the attenuation to a larger figure so that the waveform will not saturate. Saturating Increase the attenuation value 14 Selecting Collinear Approximation (LSA and TPA) Approximation Process Waveform with a lot of noise Lease Square Approximation (LSA) Calculate the loss between two points with lease square Two Point Approximately (TPA) Calculate with the difference in level between two points Waveforms with reflections 15 8
9 How to Measure Distance Yokogawa Electric Corporation Marker Distance between the base point to each marker Distance from the base point to cursor Cursor Distance between market 1 and 2 Marker 1 Marker 2 Place at the starting point of the zone under test Place at the final point of the zone under test 16 How to Measure Loss Connection loss at cursor point. Marker 1 Marker 2 Marker 3 Loss characteristics per 1km of the optic fiber, the distance between Marker 1, Marker 2, and their losses Marker Y2 Place before Marker 2 where there will be no influence from the connector right before Place on the connector right before the point where the level will change. Place behind the connector where there is no influence Place behind Y2 and immediately before the next connector Loss characteristics per 1km of the optic fiber, the distance between Marker 2 and Marker 3, and their losses. 17 9
10 How to Measure Reflection and Return Loss Pulse width: 50ns Reflections will change according to pulse width Pulse width Reflection amount Pulse width: 20ns Can switch reflection and return loss display with settings Marker 1 Marker 2 Place immediately before the waveform rises (the point where the level changes) Place on the peak of the waveform or to the right of the peak. 18 Automatic Detection Function Event Distance Connection loss Return loss Accu loss db/km Event Zone The right or wrong judgment of the measurement results on the distance, loss, and return loss can be made automatically
11 Storing the Measured Results Can store data in inner memory (20MB) and USB memory. Drive Control Number FILE Control Number + Comment The file can be stored in SOR (Telecordis) TRD (AQ7269) BMP (image) CSV (text), etc. Type Can enter control number and text as file name. The control number is automatically updated. 20 How to Measure Loss within Total Interval Enter dummy fiber AO OTDR Measurement interval Customer s residence Measure loss within measurement interval with Marker 1 and 2 (TPA) Can measure loss in total interval by entering dummy fiber in the incoming tip to reduce measurement errors due to effects of large Fresnel reflection by incoming tip
12 How to Measure Long and Short Optic Fibers OTDR 10km 20m Distance range: 20km Cannot detect connector Pulse width: 100ns Reduce the pulse width and measure Distance range: 20km Pulse width: 10ns Can detect connector 22 Easy to Use Functions Automatic Setting of Measurement Conditions OTDR will automatically detect and set up the best value for distance range, pulse width, and attenuation One Button Measurements An automatic function that automatically sets up the measurement conditions, executes the measurement, automatically detects the event, and stores the measurement results. Real Time Measurement Displays the waveform in real time. Can easily find out if there are any changes in the conditions of the optic fiber or whether the measurement conditions are suitable. Fixed Waveform Stores the displayed waveform when the measurement is completed (a fixed display). This is effective when searching for defects when comparing with real time displays
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