Citing Sources: APA Format

Transcription

1 Citing Sources: APA Format The following are examples of in-text citations using the American Psychological Association (APA) format. The most common APA citation includes the author s surname and date of publication. This information is always presented together. From APA,2001, Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association; APA, 2007, APA Style Guide to Electronic References; Northey, 1993, Making Sense; Troyka, 2004, Quick Access. When you paraphrase, cite the author and date of the source: Duffy (1988) examined sleep deprivation. If the author s name is not mentioned in the text, put it in parentheses: A major study on sleep deprivation did not evaluate the effects of sleep loss in great depth (Duffy, 1988). If you refer to two authors in the text, use the word and between names: Smith and Spencer (1990) believed that sleep deprivation resulted in slower reaction times. However, when the authors names appear in the citation use an ampersand (&) between them: Sleep deprivation results in slower reaction times (Smith & Spencer, 1990). If you are citing an article written by three, four or five authors, each author s name must appear in the first citation. Or: Weiss, Carroll, and Fox (1991) discussed colic in infants. They discussed colic in infants (Weiss, Carroll, & Fox, 1991).

2 Subsequent references to three, four or five authors may be abbreviated to include only the first author s name and et al. : Weiss et al. (1991) found that infant colic may be caused by mental, as well as physical distress. Or: The researchers found that infant colic may be caused by mental, as well as physical distress (Weiss et al., 1991). When mentioning six or more authors you may use et al. after the first author s name for every citation. On the reference page, include the first six authors and use et al. for additional authors listed. Or: Chiasson et al. (1989) observe that good-looking children receive more attention in elementary school. They observed that good-looking children received more attention in elementary school (Chiasson et al., 1989). More than one work by the same author, cite in order of publication: Grey and LeBlanc (1990, 1993) stated that... Several studies should be ordered alphabetically and divided by semi-colons: Other studies (Clark, 1986; Jeffries & Mullholland, 1988; Levy, 1991) did not show this. Citation of a work discussed in a secondary source (e.g. Seidenberg and McClelland s work found in Coltheart et al. s book): Seidenberg and McClelland (as cited in Coltheart et al., 1993) described... Use the secondary source only (Coltheart et al.) in the reference list. If the information is critical to your paper, seek out the original source rather than quoting it second-hand.

3 Paraphrasing: APA Format Paraphrasing is the preferred documenting style for APA, and direct quotations should be used sparingly. When quoting directly from a source always include the author, year and specific page citation in the text. Note the following examples from The publication manual of the American Psychological Association (2001, p. 118): Example 1: Example 2: Example 3: She stated, The placebo effect... disappeared when behaviors were studied in this manner (Miele, 1993, p. 276), but she did not clarify which behaviors were studied. Miele (1993) found that the placebo effect, which had been verified in previous studies, disappeared when [only the first group s] behaviors were studied in this manner (p. 276). Miele (1993) found the following: The placebo effect, which had been verified in previous studies, disappeared when behaviors were studied in this manner. Furthermore, the behaviors were never exhibited again, even when reel [sic] drugs were administered. Earlier studies (e.g., Abdulla, 1984; Fox, 1979) were clearly premature in attributing the results to a placebo effect. (p. 276)

4 Basic Rules for References: APA Format The word References is centred on the page but is not underlined, in bold, or italics. Author(s) name appears flush left; subsequent lines of the reference are indented. Authors names are inverted (last name first); give last name and initials for all authors of a particular work. This maintains the gender neutrality standard of APA. The reference list should be alphabetized by authors last names. If you have more than one work by a particular author, order them by publication date, oldest to newest (A 1991 article would appear before a 1996 article: MacDonald, A. (2001). The effects of. MacDonald, A. (2006). Changing.. If the author has several works published in the same year, add a letter to the date: Smith, J. (2006a). Smith, J. (2006b). Smith, J. (2006c). When an author appears as a sole author of an article and also as the first author of a group, list the single author entry first. If no author is given for a particular source, alphabetize by the title of the piece and use a shortened version of the title for in-text citations. Use & instead of and when listing multiple authors of a single work. Capitalize only the first word of a title or subtitle of a book. Capitalize all major words of a journal. Italicize titles of books and journals including the volume number. Do not italicize the issue number. Quotation marks are no longer required around an article title. Each entry is separated from the next by a double space and the entire reference list is double-spaced. Beck, C. A. J., & Sales, B. D. (2001). Family mediation: Facts, myths, and future prospects. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. Cohen, G. (1975). Hemisphere differences in the effects of cuing in visual recognition tasks. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 1(4),

5 Electronic References: APA Format APA has made many changes to electronic references to make them more complete and uniform. Web documents share many of the same elements found in a print document (e.g., authors, dates, titles). Therefore, the citation for a Web document follows a format similar to that for print, with some information omitted and some added. Journal article with DOI (digital object identifier) assigned, which replaces the Database and URL: Stultz, J. (2006). Integrating exposure therapy and analytic therapy in trauma Article with no DOI assigned: Online handbook: Consumer brochure: treatment. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 76(4), doi: / Sillick, T. J., & Schutte, N. S. (2006). Emotional intelligence and self-esteem mediate between perceived early parental love and adult happiness. E- Journal of Applied Psychology, 2(2), Retrieved from Body dysmorphic disorder. (2005). In M. H. Beers, R. S. Porter, T. V. Jones, J. L. Kaplan, & M. Berkwits (Eds.), The Merck manual of diagnosis and therapy online. Retrieved January 28, 2007, from www. merck.com/mmpe/index.html California Board of Psychology. (2005). For your peace of mind: A consumer guide to psychological services [Brochure]. Retrieved from Newspaper article: Hilts, P. J. (1999, February 16). In forecasting their emotions, most people flunk out. New York Times. Retrieved from

6 Sample References: APA Format References American Psychological Association. (1992). Ethical principles of psychologists and code of conduct. American Psychologist, 47, Eysenck, M. W. (1977). Human memory: Theory, research, and individual differences. Elmsford, NY: Pergamon Press. Geschwind, H. N. (1972). Language and the brain. Scientific American, 105(2), Gibbs, J. T., & Huang, L. N. (Eds.). (1991). Children of color: Psychological interventions with minority youth. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Gibson, M. (2005, Winter). Care conference test mobility. Connections: Newsletter of the University of New Mexico Center for Telehealth, 3(2). Retrieved from documents/newsletters/newsletter0105/winter2005.pdf Gutierrez, D. (n.d.). On state political torture [Online exclusive]. Tikkun. Retrieved January 28, 2007, from Massaro, D. (1992). Broadening the domain of the fuzzy logical model of perception. In H. L. Pick Jr., P. van den Broek, & D. C. Knill (Eds.), Cognition: Conceptual and methodological issues (pp ). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. Mitchell, T. R., & Larson, J. R., Jr. (1987). People in organizations: An introduction to organizational behavior (3rd ed.). New York: McGray-Hill. Research and Training Centre on Independent Living. (1993). Guidelines for reporting and writing about people with disabilities (4th ed.) [Brochure]. Lawrence, KS: Author. Shanahan, M. (2005). Perception as abduction: Turning sensor data into meaningful representation. Cognitive Science, 29(1), doi: /s cog2901_5