Adult Smoking: Progress and Problems

Transcription

1 Adult Smoking: Progress and Problems Arnold H. Levinson, Ph.D. Principal Investigator June 2002

2 Acknowledgements The Colorado Tobacco Attitudes and Behaviors Surveys (TABS) received invaluable guidance from its scientific advisors: Elizabeth Gilpin, M.S., Clinical Professor, Family & Preventive Medicine University of California, San Diego, Cancer Center Steven G. Heeringa, Ph.D., Director of Survey Operations University of Michigan Institute for Social Research Tim E. Byers, M.D., M.P.H., Professor and Vice Chair University of Colorado Department of Preventive Medicine and Biometrics Alfred C. Marcus, Ph.D., Senior Scientist and Chair AMC Center for Behavioral and Community Studies Adult interviews were conducted by Abt Associates, Inc., of Cambridge, Mass.; the Survey Research Unit, Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment; and AMC Cancer Research Center, Lakewood, Colorado. Field work was managed by Ricki L. Jarmon, Brenda Rodriguez, and David C. Hoaglin, Ph.D., Abt Associates; Darci Cherry, M.P.H., and Mike Reeds, M.A., Colorado Survey Research Unit, and Steve Hines, AMC. The TABS project was supported by contract #CU-DT17995-R from the University of Colorado Tobacco Research Program.

3 Contents Introduction...1 Notable Findings...2 Smoking, All Adults...3 Quitting, All Adults...4 Demographic Groups Gender...5 Age...6 Ethnicity...8 Area...11 Education...12 Income...13 Charts Smoking Status, All Adults...3 Attempts and Practices to Stop Smoking, All Adults...4 Smoking Status and Levels, by Gender...5 Smoking Status, by Age Group...6 Attempts and Practices to Stop Smoking, by Age Group...7 Smoking Status, by Ethnicity...8 Attempts and Practices to Stop Smoking, by Ethnicity...10 Smoking Status, by Education...12 Smoking Status, by Income...13 Tables Smoking Status and Levels, All Adults...3 Smoking Status and Levels, by Gender...5 Smoking Status and Levels, by Age Group...6 Attempts and Practices to Stop Smoking, by Age Group...7 Smoking Status and Levels, by Ethnicity...8 Ethnic Groups with Low and High Consumption Levels...9 Attempts and Practices to Stop Smoking, by Ethnicity...10 Smoking Status, by Area...11 Smoking Status, by Education...12 Smoking Status, by Income...13

4 Introduction: In 2000, the Colorado General Assembly decided how to spend payments that the tobacco industry makes to settle legal claims of racketeering and taxpayer medical costs caused by tobacco use. The spending categories include 8 percent for a Colorado Tobacco Research Program (CTRP) administered by the University of Colorado, and 15 percent for a Tobacco Education Program administered by the Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment (CDPHE). As part of the plan, the Legislature directed the CTRP to fund evaluative research for the collection of baseline demographic data on tobacco use by persons within the state. [C.R.S (1)(b)] This baseline information will help CU develop and refine CTRP research priorities, help the CDPHE plan and evaluate tobacco prevention and control programs, and help lawmakers consider new or revised state policies. AMC Cancer Research Center received the contract to conduct the baseline Colorado Tobacco Attitudes and Behaviors Surveys (TABS). The TABS adult survey during 2001 randomly selected and interviewed adults across the state, * including extra-large samples of (a) adults who had ever d, (b) residents of selected geographic areas (Denver, El Paso, Larimer, Mesa and Pueblo counties), and (c) African American adults. These oversamples, as well as the survey s overall size, allow analysts to produce more precise statistics than were available before. In the previous year, for example, Colorado s adult smoking rate was estimated at 20.0 percent, 10 th lowest among states, but a ±2.0 percent margin of error made the rate indistinguishable from the national average. In contrast, the Colorado TABS margin of error on the estimate of current smoking is smaller than ±1.0 percent. The CDPHE intends to fund a second wave of TABS in fiscal year 2005, and the two sets of TABS results will be compared to measure progress in addressing the problem of tobacco use. The TABS adult survey picked people to interview by randomly choosing Colorado telephone numbers. All English- or Spanish-speaking households with telephones were eligible to participate. In each consenting household, one adult was randomly chosen for an interview. After this adult was chosen, any other household adult who had ever d had a chance to be randomly chosen for a second interview from the household. A total of 13,006 people were interviewed, including 2,900 ever-rs selected as a household s second interviewee. The current report describes cigarette smoking and quitting behaviors among Colorado adults during 2001, and provides rates for various population groupings that often differ on these measures. Other reports address youth cigarette smoking, youth access to cigarettes, Coloradans use of other tobacco products, and Coloradans exposure to secondhand. * Colorado TABS also surveyed 16,000 public school students in grades The margins of error in this report represent 95% confidence intervals, which means 95 of 100 similar surveys would produce rates within these margins (for example, 18.0% to 22.0% for Colorado s adult smoking rate in 2000). Median rate among 50 states, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico. Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS). Estimated 95.7 percent, March Source: Current Population Survey, U.S. Census Bureau. Adult Smoking 1

5 Notable Findings Nearly one-third of Coloradans ages say they currently cigarettes (31.6%, 28.7% to 34.7%). * This level is much higher than the state average. Levels of current smoking are similar among white (non-hispanic), Hispanic, and black Coloradans (white: 18.9%, 18.1% to 19.8%; Hispanic: 21.6%, 18.6% to 24.8%; black: 17.8%, 13.8% to 22.6%). Levels of current smoking are similar among men and women (men: 20.2%, 18.9% to 21.4%; women: 19.0%, 18.0% to 20.1%). Heavy smoking is more common among male rs than among female rs (males: 19.2%, 16.5% to 21.8%; females: 12.5%, 10.4% to 14.6%). White (non-hispanic) daily rs more each day than the rest of the population does (mean 15.6 cigarettes). Hispanic daily rs less each day than the rest of the population (mean 10.6 cigarettes). Current smoking is most common in Denver (23.9%, 20.0% to 27.8%) and least common in suburban counties (17.6%, 16.4% to 18.8%). Almost half of Colorado adults who started but did not complete high school are current rs (43.1%, 37.5% to 48.7%). Two-thirds of current rs tried to quit at least once in the previous year (63.8%, 61.8% to 65.9%), but more than 90 percent were smoking again within three months. More than one-fourth of rs use some form of help to try to quit (26.8%, 24.5% to 29.1%). More than one-third of elderly rs (ages 65+) say they never intend to quit, nearly four times the percentage of never-quitters among rs younger than 65 (34.8% vs. 9.5%; 26.0% to 44.8% vs. 8.2% to 11.0%). Nearly half of current rs who visisted a doctor last year say they were not advised to stop smoking (45.4%, 42.9% to 47.8%). * Numbers in small type represent the margins of error (95% confidence intervals). Twenty-five or more cigarettes per day. Adult Smoking 2

6 Most Colorado adults have never been rs Smoking Status of Colorado Adults, % 24.3% 19.7% Never Former Current A majority of Colorado adults have d fewer than 100 cigarettes in their entire lives, and one-fourth have not d even one cigarette. More than half of adults who were once rs are now former rs. * Nearly all former rs quit at least a year ago, and nearly all say they re unlikely to return to smoking in the coming year. An estimated 627,000 Colorado adults are current rs. Smokers are cutting down The average daily cigarette r in Colorado consumes roughly threefourths of a pack per day. About onethird of rs consume no more than half a pack per day, while about one in six s heavily. About one in five rs does not every day. Among these nondaily rs, about half on 10 or fewer days a month. Nondaily rs consume an average of 4.2 cigarettes on days that they. Three-fifths of them previously d daily for six months or longer. A majority of current rs, daily and nondaily alike, less now than they once did. Table 1. Cigarette Smoking Among Adults percent (95% confidence interval) Never d 100 or more cigarettes in lifetime Have not d even one cigarette (zero-rs) Ever d cigarettes (100 or more in lifetime) Formerly d Quit one year or more ago (% of former rs) Unlikely to resume in coming year Currently Smoke daily now Number d per day (mean) Smoke heavily Smoke some days now Number d per day (mean) Previously d daily for six months or longer Smoke less now than before (% of current rs) 25 or more cigarettes per day (54.8, 57.0) 25.5 (24.4, 26.5) 44.1 (43.0, 45.2) 24.3 (23.4, 25.1) 93.8 (92.8, 94.8) 99.1 (98.7, 99.5) 19.7 (18.8, 20.5) 15.5 (14.7, 16.3) 14.5 (14.0, 15.0) 15.9 (14.2, 17.7) 4.2 (3.8, 4.6) 4.2 (3.8, 4.5) 60 (55.2, 64.8) 62.9 (60.8, 65.1) * Former rs do not now at all and have not d cigarettes during the past 30 days. Current rs have d 100 cigarettes in their lifetime and now every day or some days. Adult Smoking 3

7 Quitting: Most tried, some succeeded Nearly two-thirds of current rs tried to quit at least once in the past year (63.8%, 61.8% to 65.9%), but few of these attempters succeeded (7.2%, 5.9% to 8.6%). * 63.8% 16.4% Including those who did not try to quit, fewer than one in 20 rs became Tried to Quit a nonr during the year * (4.5%, 3.6% to 5.4%). Three-fourths of current rs said they were addicted (75.4%, 73.3% to 77.3%) Quitting Cigarettes, 2001 Nicotine replacement therapy 7.5% Zyban or similar 7.3% Alternative Therapies 4.5% Not smoking 3+ mos. later More than one-fourth of rs used some form of help to try to quit. About one in six used nicotine patches, gum, or inhalers (nicotine replacement therapy, NRT). About one in 14 used zyban or similar medication, and a similar number used alternative therapy (herbal medicine, acupuncture, chiropractic, hypnosis, etc.). Very few used counseling (1.8%, 1.3% to 2.6%). Only slightly more than half of rs who went to the doctor in the last year say they were advised to quit smoking (54.3%, 51.8% to 56.8%), and just one in seven say they were referred to or given information about a smoking cessation program (15.3%, 13.7% to 17.0%). Among those whose doctor advised them to quit, about one-third say they tried (31.2%, 28.2% to 34.2%). * Stayed off cigarettes for at least three months and were not smoking when surveyed. Adult Smoking 4

8 Cigarette Smoking by Demographic Characteristics Gender More men than women have ever been rs. Among current rs, any gender difference in rates is not larger than the margin of error. Male daily rs more cigarettes per day than women do, and heavy smoking is more common among males than females. Quitting intentions, behaviors and success rates are no different between men and women. Smoking, Women and Men 50% 45% 40% 35% 30% 25% 20% 15% 10% 5% 0% Women Men Ever d Currently Smoke daily Smoke nondaily Heavy rs Table 2. Cigarette Smoking and Gender percent (95% confidence interval) female Ever d cigarettes 41.4 (40.0, 42.9) Currently cigarettes Smoke daily Smoke nondaily Cigarettes per day (mean) 19.0 (18.0, 20.1) 15.0 (14.1, 15.9) 4.1 (3.6, 4.7) 13.3 (12.8, 13.9) Heavy rs (% of daily rs) 12.5 (10.4, 14.6) 100 or more in lifetime. 25 or more cigarettes per day. male 46.5 (44.8, 48.2) 20.2 (18.9, 21.4) 16.0 (14.9, 17.2) 4.2 (3.6, 4.8) 15.7 (15.0, 16.4) 19.2 (16.5, 21.8) Adult Smoking 5

9 Age Young adults are much more likely than average to cigarettes currently. Nearly onethird of Coloradans ages currently. The rate in this age group is higher than the rates among other age groups. Coloradans older than 55 are less likely than average to currently. The percentage of former rs increases with age. Nearly all former rs older than 45 quit more than a year ago. Smoking, Age Groups 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% % 0% ever d currently formerly d quit in last year Table 3. Cigarette Smoking and Age percent (95% confidence interval) ever been a r (39.3, 46.1) (35.3, 40.6) (36.0, 40.4) (45.1, 49.8) (53.2, 59.5) (49.7, 55.4) all ages 44.1 (43.0, 45.2) currently cigarettes 31.6 (28.7, 34.7) 20.7 (18.7, 22.8) 20.1 (18.4, 22.0) 19.3 (17.6, 21.2) 14.7 (12.8, 16.8) 9.2 (7.8, 10.9) 19.6 (18.8, 20.5) d 100 or more cigarettes in lifetime. mean number among daily rs percent of former rs cigarettes d per day 12.0 (11.1, 12.9) 12.5 (11.5, 13.5) 15.5 (14.6, 16.4) 16.5 (15.4, 17.6) 18.4 (17.0, 19.9) 15.7 (13.6, 18.2) 14.5 (14.0, 15.0) former r 10.9 (9.0, 13.1) 16.7 (15.0, 18.6) 17.9 (16.4, 19.6) 27.9 (26.0, 29.8) 41.9 (38.7, 44.6) 43.1 (40.4, 45.8) 24.3 (23.4, 25.1) quit was in previous year 28.2 (21.2, 36.5) 11.3 (8.3, 16.0) 7.4 (5.3, 10.3) 4.3 (3.0, 6.1) 2.6 (1.7, 4.1) 0.6 (0.3, 1.5) 6.2 (5.3, 7.2) In general, older Coloradans are more likely than younger Coloradans to have ever been rs, but also to have stopped smoking. Younger Coloradans are much more likely to cigarettes now, although young adult rs fewer cigarettes per day than older rs do. Young rs are also more likely to some days rather than daily (not shown). Adult Smoking 6

10 Quitting, Age Groups 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% % 10% 0% never expect to quit tried to quit any help method nicotine replacement therapy Zyban or similar never expect to quit (4.1, 10.7) (3.9, 8.5) (8.0, 13.7) (9.5, 15.8) (13.1, 23.6) (25.9, 44.8) all ages 10.9 (9.5, 12.5) Table 4. Quitting and Age percent (95% confidence interval) tried to quit 77.9 (73.8, 81.4) 70.5 (66.0, 74.6) 56.9 (52.3, 61.3) 56.8 (52.4, 61.0) 50.9 (44.0, 57.7) 45.7 (37.3, 54.4) 63.3 (61.1, 65.3) used a help method 16.1 (12.7, 20.3) 21.2 (17.1, 26.0) 34.1 (29.1, 39.5) 35.3 (29.6, 41.4) 44.5 (35.3, 54.1) 31.8 (21.4, 44.5) 26.9 (24.6,29.3) used nicotine 7.5 (5.2, 10.7) 14.0 (10.6, 18.2) 21.9 (17.6, 26.9) 20.0 (15.8, 24.9) 34.4 (26.0, 44.0) 21.0 (12.8, 32.6) 16.5 (14.7, 18.5) used Zyban or similar 2.9 (1.7, 4.9) 5.0 (3.2, 7.7) 10.7 (7.8, 14.5) 12.2 (8.7, 16.7) 13.6 (8.3, 21.5) 10.8 (5.2, 20.8) 7.7 (6.4, 9.1) Intention to quit smoking declines with age, to the point that one third of seniors who never expect to quit. Attempts to quit are less common as age increases, declining from nearly 80 percent among the youngest age group to fewer than half among seniors. Among rs who do try, those ages 35 and older are more likely to use a help method such as NRT or Zyban. Nearly half of rs ages used a help method in their attempt to quit. Adult Smoking 7

11 Ethnicity Hispanics and Asian Americans are less likely to have ever d cigarettes, while non- Hispanic whites, American Indians and people who report other ethnicity * are more likely to ever have been rs. Smoking, ethnicity 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% ever d Non-Hispanic white African American Hispanic, any race Asian American American Indian Other/Mixed ethnicity currently formerly d less now American Indians and other ethnicity populations are more likely to cigarettes now. Remaining differences in current smoking rates are not larger than the margin of error. On average, white current rs report the highest consumption levels. They are more likely to daily, more cigar- white (non-hispanic) black (non-hispanic) Hispanic (any race ) Asian American American Indian other ethnicity all groups Table 5. Cigarette Smoking and Ethnicity percent (95% confidence interval) ever been a r 45.4 (44.2, 46.5) 36.8 (31.1, 42.8) 37.8 (34.1, 41.7) 31.4 (23.6, 40.5) 59.6 (49.3, 69.1) 58.3 (49.0, 67.1) 44.1 (43.0, 45.2) currently cigarettes 18.9 (18.1, 19.8) 17.8 (13.8, 22.6) 21.6 (18.6, 24.8) 16.5 (10.5, 24.9) 36.9 (28.0, 46.7) 30.9 (23.6, 39.3) 19.6 (18.8, 20.5) d 100 or more cigarettes in lifetime. mean number among daily rs. percent of former rs. cigarettes d per day 15.6 (15.1, 16.1) 11.4 (9.1, 14.3) 10.6 (9.5, 11.8) 12.1 (8.9, 16.6) 13.6 (11.0, 16.9) 13.5 (10.7, 17.1) 14.5 (14.0, 15.0) former r 26.3 (25.4, 27.3) 18.6 (14.4, 23.8) 15.8 (13.5, 18.5) 14.9 (10.2, 21.4) 22.6 (16.1, 30.9) 26.7 (20.1, 34.6) 24.3 (23.4, 25.1) less now than once did 66.4 (35.6, 95.0) 38.5 (21.2, 36.5) 50.9 (8.3, 16.0) 70.1 (5.3, 10.3) 52.3 (3.0, 6.1) 78.3 (1.7, 4.1) 62.9 (5.3, 7.2) * Includes mixed ethnicities. Among black Coloradans, the lower-than average percentage of ever-rs was not statistically significant. Adult Smoking 8

12 ettes per day, and heavily. At the same time, they are more likely to say they have reduced the amount they d per day. white (non-hispanic) Hispanic all other Table 6. Ethnic groups with high and low consumption percent (95% confidence interval) daily 81.2 (79.3, 83.0) 68.7 (61.7, 74.9) 76.7 (69.4, 82.7) some days 18.8 (17.0, 20.7) 31.3 (25.1, 38.3) 23.3 (17.3, 30.6) heavily 18.1 (16.3, 20.1) 7.4 (4.1, 13.1) 11.0 (6.4, 18.2) percent of current rs. 25 or more cigarettes per day (% of daily rs) less now 66.4 (64.3, 68.5) 50.9 (43.6, 58.1) 56.9 (48.7, 64.7) Hispanic Coloradans report the lowest average consumption levels. They are more likely to some days rather than daily, less likely to heavily, and fewer cigarettes per day. At the same time, they are less likely to say they have reduced the amount d per day. Adult Smoking 9

13 Quitting, ethnicity 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% white black Hispanic Asian American Indian other 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% never expect to quit tried to quit any help method used nicotine Zyban or similar Although a number of ethnic differences appeared in quitting intentions and behaviors, most were not larger than the margins of error. The few significant differences were these: Attempts to quit were less common among white rs than among Asian American and American Indian Table 7. Quitting and Ethnicity rs. percent (95% confidence interval) Use of help methods was less common among Hispanic and Asian American rs trying to quit than among white rs trying to quit. white (non-hispanic) black (non-hispanic) Hispanic (any race ) Asian American American Indian other ethnicity never expect to quit 10.5 (9.1, 12.0) 3.3 (0.8, 12.7) 10.4 (6.9, 15.3) 21.5 (4.7, 60.4) 21.3 (9.2, 41.8) 21.6 (11.6, 36.7) all groups 10.9 (9.5, 12.4) tried to quit 61.1 (59.0, 63.3) 71.3 (57.9, 81.8) 71.3 ( ) 81.0 (64.0, 91.0) 84.8 (71.1, 92.7) 61.8 (48.3, 73.6) 63.9 (61.8, 65.9) used a help method 30.2 (27.7, 32.7) 18.1 (9.0, 33.0) 17.1 (11.5, 24.5) 3.1 (0.4, 19.3) 26.9 (15.6, 42.4) 29.7 (16.7, 47.0) 26.8 (24.6,29.2) used nicotine 18.7 (16.6, 20.9) 16.1 (7.5, 31.5) 8.3 (4.5, 14.9) 3.1 (0.4, 19.3) 17.2 (8.5, 31.7) 17.4 (8.0, 33.7) 16.4 (14.6, 18.4) used Zyban or similar 8.9 (7.4, 10.5) 2.8 (0.5, 13.5) 2.6 (0.9, 6.8) (1.1, 16.6) 18.1 (8.4, 34.7) 7.5 (6.3, 8.9) Adult Smoking 10

14 Area: Lifetime nonrs are slightly more common in the Denver suburbs, * and slightly less common in rural counties and in Mesa County, which has an older than average population. Denver s population Table 8. Cigarette Smoking includes a larger-than-average percentage of current in Selected Areas percent rs, while the suburbs has a smaller-than-average (95% confidence interval) percentage. Intentions, behaviors and success rates in quitting smoking did not differ among areas of the state. ever been a r area Denver 48.2 (43.4, 53.1) El Paso 44.9 (41.6, 48.2) Larimer 42.2 (39.5, 44.9) Mesa 48.0 (45.2, 50.7) Pueblo 45.6 (42.2, 49.1) suburbs 41.4 (39.7, 43.0) rural 47.5 (45.1, 50.0) statewide 44.1 (43.0, 45.2) currently cigarettes 23.9 (20.3, 28.0) 20.4 (17.9, 23.2) 17.9 (15.9, 20.0) 21.7 (19.5, 24.0) 21.8 (19.3, 24.6) 17.6 (16.4, 18.9) 21.5 (20.0, 23.5) 19.6 (18.8, 20.5) has d 100 or more cigarettes * Adams, Arapahoe, Boulder, Broomfield, Douglas, Jefferson, Weld counties. Adult Smoking 11

15 Education Smoking, education 70% 60% 50% 40% 1st to 8th grade 9th to 11th grade high school grad some college college graduate post-graduate 30% 20% 10% 0% ever d currently formerly d Ever-smoking and current smoking are decreasingly common with more years of education. An exception is adults with no more than eight years of education they have average rates of ever-smoking and current smoking. The highest smoking levels are among the five percent of Colorado adults who attended but didn t complete high school. They are twice as likely to cigarettes currently, and those who ever became rs are less likely to have quit. This education group overlaps with the young-adult age group (ages 19-25), which also has higher smoking levels. One education-group difference was larger than the margins of error for quitting intentions, behaviors or success rates: Nearly half of rs with less than 9 th grade education never expect to quit. This group makes up less than two percent of the population and has smoking prevalence similar to the state average. Grades Completed Table 9. Cigarette Smoking and Education percent (95% confidence interval) ever been a r 1 to (37.5, 60.2) 9 to (54.5, 66.3) high 51.0 (48.5, 53.5) school some 48.5 college (46.5, 50.5) college 34.3 graduate (32.2, 36.5) postgraduate (32.7, 37.3) 35.0 all groups 44.1 (43.0, 45.2) currently cigarettes 23.1 (15.4, 33.0) 43.1 (37.7, 48.8) 26.2 (24.3, 28.3) 23.0 (21.5, 24.6) 11.9 (10.5, 13.3) 8.5 (7.3, 9.8) 19.6 (18.8, 20.5) d 100 or more cigarettes in lifetime. mean number among daily rs. percent of former rs. former r 25.2 (17.7, 34.5) 16.7 (13.4, 20.5) 24.6 (22.7, 26.5) 25.3 (23.8, 26.9) 22.5 (20.7, 24.3) 26.3 (24.3, 28.4) 24.3 (23.4, 25.1) Adult Smoking 12

16 Income Smoking, income 70% 60% 50% 40% <$10,000 $10,000 to $14,999 $15,000 to $34,999 $35,000 to $49,999 $50,000 to $74,999 $75,000 or more not reported 30% 20% 10% 0% ever d currently Colorado adults reporting annual household income between $10,000 and $35,000 are more likely to have ever been rs and to currently cigarettes. Those with annual household income of $50,000 or more are less likely to now. More than one-third of adults with household income of $10,000 to $15,000 are current rs. Levels and frequency of consumption, and reductions in consumption, are not detectably different among income groups. Intentions to quit smoking increased slightly with increased income. Use of nicotine as a quitting aid was less common among rs with annual household income of less than $35,000. Table 10. Cigarette Smoking and Income percent (95% confidence interval) annual household income ever been a r <$10, (37.3, 52.0) $10,000 to 59.3 (52.7, 65.6) $14,999 $15,000 to 50.7 $34,999 (48.3, 53.0) $35,000 to 44.0 $49,999 (41.3, 46.7) $50,000 to 44.0 $74,999 (41.5, 45.6) $75, or more (34.5, 38.7) not 44.2 reported (41.0, 47.3) all groups 44.1 (43.0, 45.2) currently cigarettes 29.3 (22.9, 36.7) 37.3 (31.2, 43.7) 27.9 (25.8, 30.0) 20.5 (18.5, 22.7) 16.7 (15.0, 18.5) 12.2 (10.8, 13.6) 17.2 (15.0, 19.6) 19.6 (18.8, 20.5) has d 100 or more cigarettes. mean number among daily rs. percent of former rs. Adult Smoking 13