Energy Upgrade CA Multifamily Energy Modeling Guidelines Version December 7, 2012

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1 Energy Upgrade CA Multifamily Energy Modeling Guidelines Version December 7, 2012 Prepared By: Heschong Mahone Group, Inc Gold Country Blvd. #103 Gold River, CA Phone:(916) Fax: (916) e mail: staller@h m g.com website: www. h m g.com Multifamily Energy Modeling Guidelines for Energy Upgrade CA Multifamily Program

2 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION Terminology Energy Analysis Software and Reporting Requirements Model Calibration Fixed HERS Whole House Assumptions HERS Whole House and Energy Modeling References BUILDING INFORMATION, LIGHTING, AND APPLIANCE INPUTS Building Element Inputs Project Design Data Project Title Utility Rates HERS Appliance and Lighting for Low Rise Multifamily Lighting for High Rise Multifamily Exterior Loads THERMAL ZONING AND BUILDING ENVELOPE Organizing Data for Input Thermal Zoning of the Building Conditioned Common Area Is it a Conditioned and Unconditioned Hallways Use of Multipliers for Zones Combining Exterior Surface Area Multiple Buildings on One Property Creating a Mirror Image of a Building Energy Pro Zone and Room Inputs Zone Element Details Room Element Details Exterior Surface Inputs Default Values Attic and Cathedral Roofs Raised Floors Slab on Grade Floors EUC MF Energy Modeling Guidelines Version December 2012

3 3.3.5 Exterior Walls Windows and Overhangs DOMESTIC HOT WATER (DHW) Equipment Efficiency Determination Domestic Hot Water Inputs MF Central DHW Serving Multiple Buildings Renewable Energy Inputs CENTRAL PLANT EnergyPro Inputs Heating Hot Water Tab Chilled Water Tab Hydronic Tab HVAC SYSTEMS Organizing Audit Data for Input Multipliers and Combining like Systems Equipment Efficiency Determination EnergyPro HVAC System Inputs General Tab and HVAC System Definition Distribution Tab Residential Tab HERS Credits Tab Mech 2 Tab Examples of Modeling Multifamily HVAC Systems Forced air furnace with split DX air conditioner Forced Air Furnace with No Cooling Split Heat Pump with Ducts in Two Locations Package Terminal Heat Pumps (PTHP) Natural Gas Wall Furnace w/package Terminal Air Conditioner Natural Gas Wall Furnace with Split DX Cooling Natural Gas Wall Furnace with No Cooling Electric Resistance Radiant Systems Low Rise MF Hot Water Heating Systems Dedicated Hydronic Boiler Low rise MF Hot Water Heating Systems Combined Hydronic EUC MF Energy Modeling Guidelines Version December 2012

4 Hydronic (Water loop) Heat Pumps Ventilation Rates and Mechanical Ventilation Low Rise MF High Rise MF ENERGY ANALYSIS AND ENERGY EFFICIENCY MEASURE ELIGIBILITY Energy Analysis Using One EnergyPro File Using Multiple Energy Models ENERGY MODEL QUALITY CONTROL Energy Model Inputs Reasonableness of Results EUC MF Energy Modeling Guidelines Version December 2012

5 Heschong Mahone Group, Inc. INTRODUCTION This document is intended to provide energy modeling guidance to qualified HERS Raters serving the Energy Upgrade California Multifamily (EUC MF) Program. This document will offer guidance on how to accurately model existing multifamily buildings and their systems in EnergyPro for EUC project submittals. This is a pilot program and the first to use the HERS Whole Hous se Rating software, EnergyPro module CalRatePro for multifamily, whichh was developed originally to rate existing single family homes and individual dwelling units in low rise multifamily buildings of 4 or fewer units before and after improvements. There are some limitations to applying this software to multifamily buildings. However, there are some work around methods that allow an approximation of the energy savings of many energy efficiency measures. This document is not intended to be a step by step guide to modeling multifamily buildings. The reader is assumed to have a basic understanding of EnergyPro and how to navigate the software program, utilize the libraries, and understand the different calculation modules available Terminology Throughout this document, references are made to several EnergyPro components when describing modeling. These include EnergyPro building elements, EnergyPro tabs, and EnergyPro fields. Building Elements are on the leftt side of the EnergyPro building treee and include the Project element, the Central Plant element, the HVAC System element, the Zone element, Space element, and various Exterior Surface elements.. Upon selecting one of these building elements, the right side of the EnergyPro screen shows tabs for components specific to the selected building element. Fields are wheree inputs are selected from drop down lists or input as numeric value. EUC MF Energy Modeling Guidelines Version December 2012

6 1.1.2 Energy Analysis Software and Reporting Requirements Either the Res Performance or CalRatePro module of EnergyPro shall be used for low rise multifamily building models. Both of these modules allow for parametric alternatives in energy efficiency measure analysis using a single.bld file. The Non Residential Performance module shall be used for high rise multifamily building models. For the purposes of this document, the term EnergyPro will be used whenever the information applies across these three different modules of EnergyPro. CalRatePro, Res Performance, and Non Residential Performance will be used when the guidelines apply specifically to those modules. High rise residential for Title 24 Part 6 and EUC program related energy analysis, is any multifamily building with four or more habitable floors. A four story building with retail on the ground level and three levels of multifamily is considered a high rise multifamily building. Program incentives are based on site energy savings, and project teams are required to report site savings from the ECON 2 report, which can be generated using CalRatePro, Res Performance, or Non Res Performance modules of EnergyPro. The ECON 2 report includes annual site energy by end use and total annual TDV savings percent improvement by energy efficiency measure, for the reference (baseline, or existing) case and the proposed case. The EUC MF program utilizes the site energy improvements on the ECON 2 report to qualify for program participation and to determine the project incentive tier Model Calibration Calibrating the models to utility usage data is not a program requirement. While it is good practice to collect utility bills and input them into EnergyPro to compare against the modeled energy use for accuracy, this is currently not required for program participation Fixed HERS Whole-House Assumptions Many HERS Whole house requirements are based on the Title 24 Part 6 Residential ACM and cannot be changed by the software vendor without approval by the Energy Commission. Understanding the fixed assumption for low rise multifamily HERS Whole house modeling with CalRatePro, and how they impact the results is important. These assumptions are described in in the appropriate sections of this document HERS Whole-House and Energy Modeling References The following documents prepared by the Energy Commission will assist energy analysts and HERS Raters in understanding the energy modeling software and requirements as they pertain to the HERS Whole House and EnergyPro software capabilities. Several are accessible from the EnergyPro help menu. HERS Technical Manual explains the requirements for the California Home Energy Rating System (HERS) Program, including requirements for HERS providers, modeling procedures and assumptions, analysis procedures, reporting, and other requirements of the CA HERS program. The document can be downloaded at the following website: EUC MF Energy Modeling Guidelines Version December 2012

7 /CEC CMF.PDF 2008 Building Energy Efficiency Standards for Residential and Nonresidential Buildings is the current version of the state building energy code which the HERS Technical Manual is structured around. The document can be downloaded at the following website: /CEC CMF.PDF Residential and Nonresidential Manuals are intended to help energy consultants comply with and enforce the California Title 24 Part 6 standards, and are useful for understanding requirements for alterations and additions. The documents can be downloaded at the following websites: and Residential and Nonresidential Alternative Calculation Manuals (ACM) include approved calculation methods for Title 24 Part 6 compliance, and therefore offer insight into the calculation methodology within the EnergyPro (compliance) software. The documents can be downloaded at the following websites: /CEC CMF.PDF and /CEC CMF.PDF 2008 Joint Appendices provide references for weather data, construction assembly descriptions, residential and non residential HERS verification procedures, and other calculation approaches used by the HERS Whole House software. The document can be downloaded at the following website: /CEC CMF.PDF This document has been prepared by the Heschong Mahone Group (HMG) and shall not be distributed or used by other multifamily retrofit programs without HMG s written consent. EUC MF Energy Modeling Guidelines Version December 2012

8 2. BUILDING INFORMATION, LIGHTING, AND APPLIANCE INPUTS This section provides guidance on the building element of EnergyPro. The Building element includes basic project design data. For low rise multifamily projects using the CalRatePro and Res Performance modules, the Building element also includes the lighting and appliances input on the HERS tab when. The HERS tab is not used for high rise projects. Modeling lighting and appliances for high rise is different than low rise and is discussed below. 2.1 Building Element Inputs Data for these inputs is taken from data collection forms: 1) Multifamily Project Information Form page 1/1 2) Multifamily Building Information Data Collection Form page 1/3: the first half has the project design data 3A) Multifamily Dwelling Unit Equipment Form page 2/2 3B) Multifamily Dwelling Unit Lighting Form page 1/1 Inputs on the Designer, Lighting Designer, Mechanical Designer, and Outdoor tabs are not necessary for EUC MF project submittals Project Design Data Input information regarding the project design data. Front Orientation This is the direction the front door is orientated towards. There may be front doors in multifamily buildings oriented in different directions. In all cases it is essential that the sketches clearly show the north arrow as it is modeled. Rotation The purpose of rotation is to simply rotate the entire building from the front orientation selected above. It is essentially rotates the building and exterior surface orientations in addition to the selected front orientation. So, input front as West (270 ) and inputting rotation of 10 would result in front being oriented 280. This rotation must be done after the entire building has been modeled in order to work properly. This is useful when you have identical buildings with different orientations. It will allow you to model one building, perform a save as, and rotate to the other building s orientation. Number of Dwelling Units The total number of dwelling units for the building must be modeled correctly as this value is used for the domestic hot water, lighting, and appliance calculations. EUC MF Energy Modeling Guidelines Version December 2012

9 Location- Climate Zones The correct climate zone must be selected to ensure an accurate analysis. Default values found for the location of the building must be used and not altered Project Title Input the building number, or other designation, in the name field. The ECON 2 report uses the project name from this field. Be sure to input the building designation completely so the ECON 2 reflects the actual building you are modeling, distinct from other buildings you may be modeling for that property Utility Rates Select the electricity and natural gas rates for the project. When choosing a utility rate click on the hour glass icon and select a rate that is in the software. Do not change anything in these rates. The rates are frequently updated in the software HERS - Appliance and Lighting for Low-Rise Multifamily Low Rise The inputs on the HERS tab are multiplied by the number of dwelling units for lowrise multifamily projects and are ignored in high rise building models. Averaging sampled dwelling unit lighting and appliances for HERS tab inputs is required for all low rise projects. High rise High rise multifamily projects, using the Non Res Performance module, are not connected to the HERS tab. Do not input high rise dwelling unit appliances and lighting on the HERS tab. Appliances Refrigerators There will likely be multiple refrigerator types that have different UEC values (kwh/yr). It is necessary to calculate the average UEC for input into the HERS tab. The table below presents an example method to track and calculate the average UEC for the surveyed refrigerators that needs to be input in the HERS Whole house software. The average UEC for the refrigerators in this example is 594 kwh per year and is input into the HERS Wholehouse software on the HERS tab. This is only one example and this type of calculation may need to be performed on: dishwashers, lighting, HVAC efficiencies, DHW efficiencies, etc. EUC MF Energy Modeling Guidelines Version December 2012

10 Refrigerators Type Audited Manufacturer Model # UEC Notes 1 bed yes Hotpoint CTH14CYTCRWH 775 default used, can't locate 1 bed yes Hotpoint CTH14CYTCRWH 775 default used, can't locate house yes GE GTS18CBSARWW 480 house yes Whirlpool ET8WTEXVQ house yes GE GTS18FBSARWW 482 house yes Hotpoint HTS15BBMBRWW 775 default used, can't locate T yes Magic Chef CTB1821ARW 480 U yes Whirlpool EHT141DTWR1 775 default used, can't locate V yes Magic Chef RB191TV 775 default used, can't locate W yes Hotpoint CTX18CAXGRWH 775 default used, can't locate W yes GE GTH18DBXARWW 387 X yes Hotpoint CTH18EASMRWH 514 X yes GE GTH18DBXARWW 387 X yes GE GTH18DBXARWW 387 X yes Magic Chef RB191TV 775 default used, can't locate Y yes GE GTH18DBXARWW 387 used for all replacements Y yes Hotpoint CTH14CYTCRWH 775 default used, can't locate Average UEC 594 Figure 1: Example Average Refrigerator Calculation Washer and dryer should be input as none unless they are located in each dwelling unit. Only the electricity is accounted for when clothes washers are selected on the HERS tab. The hot water consumed by clothes washers is not accounted for in the analysis. Dishwashers All low rise residential projects that are modeled with the CalRatePro and Residential Performance modules have a dishwasher per each dwelling unit. The electrical energy use is reported in appliance end use. Hot water usage for dishwashers is not accounted for in the HERS Whole house analysis. If dishwashers do not exist in the building use the default dishwasher energy factor of Addition of a dishwasher must also be accounted for in the post retrofit model. Pools and spas should not be included in the model. Interior Dwelling Unit Lighting HERS Tab For low rise multifamily buildings, it is not necessary to collect the lighting wattage for the dwelling unit lighting. The type, quantity, control, and location of lighting are the required EnergyPro inputs. The software currently accepts whole numbers only for the HERS tab lighting fixture inputs. This may result in the slightly inaccurate dwelling unit lighting for multifamily projects when the average number of fixtures is a fraction. EUC MF Energy Modeling Guidelines Version December 2012

11 Averaging Lighting Audit Data When there are multiple dwelling unit types in the building, such as a mix of 1 bedroom and 2 bedroom dwelling units, the lighting for the sampled dwelling units may be different from one dwelling unit to the other. In these instances, the sampled dwelling unit lighting types and quantities need to be averaged for entry into EnergyPro as the average lighting per dwelling unit. Example: The table below shows different lighting for three dwelling units. The average number of fixtures must be calculated for input into the HERS tab. The EnergyPro software currently accepts whole numbers only for the HERS tab lighting fixture inputs. Fractions are not allowed so the average should be rounded up or down as appropriate. For example, the bath lighting should be modeled as 2 fixtures even though the average is This may result in the slightly inaccurate dwelling unit lighting for multifamily projects if the average number of fixtures is a fraction. It is important to document these lighting calculations on each project for quick reference that may be required during QA/QC efforts. Number of CFLs Unit A Number of CFLs Unit B Average per Dwelling Unit Figure 2: Example Average Dwelling Unit Lighting EnergyPro Input Number of CFLs Number of CFLs Unit C Bath Kitchen Hallway Bedroom Dining Living Outdoor Conditioned Common Area Lighting HERS Tab Interior lighting for conditioned common area must be include in the average dwelling unit lighting inputs. Add up all common area and divide by the total number of dwelling units. Add this lighting to the dwelling unit lighting on the HERS tab. Unconditioned Common Area Lighting and Exterior Lighting HERS Tab Outdoor area lighting on the HERS tab pertains to any exterior light attached to the building, such as patio lights. Input the average number of exterior lights per dwelling unit. Exterior lighting not attached to the building, such as parking lot lighting, should not be modeled for EUC MF project submittals. EUC MF Energy Modeling Guidelines Version December 2012

12 2.1.5 Lighting for High-Rise Multifamily Dwelling Unit Space Lighting For high rise residential projects dwelling unit lighting shall be modeled as a lighting power density (LPD) using the process lighting input on the Room element. The lighting wattage needs to be collected during the audit in order to calculate the LPD. The type of ballast must be accounted for when calculating the lighting wattage used in the LPD calculations because the ballast impacts the total fixture wattage; the fixture wattage for ballasted lighting fixtures is not the sum of the lamp wattage. Appendix NA8 from The Title 24 Part Joint Appendices lists default wattages for typical lamp ballast combinations. Conditioned Common Area Lighting Lighting power densities (LPD s) must be calculated based on audit data and input in the zone level element, under the Lighting tab. Unconditioned Common Area Lighting and Equipment Using the exterior uses tab, the electrical demand for the lighting system or other nonregulated equipment is input and an operating schedule is defined. Side calculations are necessary to show the pre and post electrical in Watts and the fossil fuel demand values in Btu s for the existing and proposed measure. The schedules of operation must be identical in the existing and proposed energy models. Example In the existing unconditioned hallways there are twenty (20) fixtures with 2 lamp T12 lamps and standard magnetic ballast. The total fixture wattage is 72W per fixture x 20 fixtures for a total of 1,440 Watts. This wattage is input in the Exterior Usage tab along with schedule of operation for the lights. The proposed energy efficiency measure is to replace the lamps and ballasts with T8 lamps and electronic ballasts. The total proposed fixture wattage is 60W per fixture x 20 fixtures for a total of 1,200 Watts. This wattage is input in the exterior usage measure on the Alternatives tab Exterior Loads Exterior loads that are not attached to the building should not be included in the model or as an energy efficiency alternative. Examples include, but are not limited to, parking lot pole lighting and landscape lighting. Check with program administrator if you encounter an exterior end use and are unclear whether it can be included in the energy model. EUC MF Energy Modeling Guidelines Version December 2012

13 3. THERMAL ZONING AND BUILDING ENVELOPE The inputting of building data starts by entering the Building Information, DHW Plant, HVAC System, the Thermal Zone, the Room, and finally the Exterior Surfaces. However, thermal zone floor area and exterior surface areas must be calculated prior to data input. Understanding the zoning and doing the floor and exterior surface area calculations before inputting the HVAC system can reduce time in the long run. Therefore, thermal zone and room inputs are described next. 3.1 Organizing Data for Input Data for the thermal zoning and envelope inputs is taken from building sketches, building plans, and from data collection forms: Multifamily Building Information Data Collection Form 2/3 and 3/ Thermal Zoning of the Building When energy analysts and HVAC designers are referring to a zone, this is the portion of the building that is served by a specific piece of HVAC equipment and thermostat. Zones can also defined by operating conditions such as occupancy and lighting schedules. Separate zones should be created for zones with substantially different operating schedules or served by different HVAC equipment types. For example, dwelling units served by electric resistance heating need to be modeled as separate zones than dwelling units served by heat pumps because they have different HVAC system types and efficiencies. The level of detail of the thermal zones may depend on several factors including program requirements, HVAC system types, whether the building is a low rise or high rise, and the actual building zones. The rater or other energy analyst must make judgment calls as to how simplifying will affect the results and ease of looking at energy efficient alternatives. Low-Rise Multifamily For all low rise multifamily projects, one thermal zone should be defined per floor or per dwelling unit. Either way is acceptable and there are advantages to both approaches, such as ease of quality control with the dwelling unit approach. The results will be the same with either zoning approach. Low rise multifamily buildings must have at least one zone per floor. Multiple floors cannot be combined into one zone. One exception to the one zone per floor approach is that low rise multifamily buildings served by water loop heat pump systems must be zoned with more detail, since the operation of the system is sensitive to individual zone temperatures and equipment performance. High-Rise Multifamily High rise projects are more sensitive to the thermal zoning of the model because the simulation engine and calculations are different than those used in low rise calculations. Thermal zones EUC MF Energy Modeling Guidelines Version December 2012

14 for all high rise multifamily projects can be defined at the modeler s discretion. A thermal zone per floor, zoned by exposure/orientation, or zoned by dwelling unit are the three methods depending on building layout and energy performance. High rise multifamily buildings with large amounts of glass in opposing orientations may have zones calling for heating and cooling at the same time during colder months. In these situations the models should be zoned by exposure/orientation. Zoned by exposure/orientation indicates a zoning approach that combines the dwelling units facing west into one zone per floor, those dwelling units facing east into zone per floor, those dwelling units facing south into zone per floor, and dwelling units facing north into zone per floor. High rise multifamily buildings served by water loop heat pump systems must be zoned more detailed since the operation of the system is sensitive to individual zone temperatures and equipment performance. Typical approach is to model each dwelling unit as a separate zone and room Conditioned Common Area Common area refers to the areas of the building that are available for use by all tenants and usually their guests. These areas may include laundry rooms, game rooms, dining rooms, computer rooms, conditioned hallways, and manager s office. If the conditioned common area of each building is 20% or less of total building area, and there is potential for upgrades that the owner is willing to implement, the conditioned common area can be included in the same model as the residential space. This applies to both low rise and high rise buildings. Create at least one zone for the common areas and input the envelope, DHW, lighting and HVAC system characteristics as they were audited. Lighting For low rise residential common areas, select the occupancy multifamily residential and input the lighting as part of the average dwelling unit lighting fixture count on the HERS tab 1. High rise The common area in high rise multifamily buildings can be modeled using the actual non residential occupancy, e.g. corridor, office, laundry, etc. The lighting is modeled as a lighting power density (LPD) on the Lighting tab of the zone element since high rise multifamily buildings use the Non Residential T24 module. The LPD is the sum of all lighting wattage divided by the floor area of the area in which the lights are installed. The Lighting for High Rise section in this document describes how to model interior lighting using an LPD. Non residential spaces such as retail or office spaces can be included in the model if the total area for the non residential spaces is less than 20% of total conditioned floor area of the building. If it is greater than 20% it must be excluded from the model. It is important to note that non residential occupancies cannot be included in a model that also includes single family or multifamily residential occupancies. Because the low rise residential 1 The 90.1 Lighting occupancy does not need to be set during analysis of existing multifamily buildings for CA incentive programs EUC MF Energy Modeling Guidelines Version December 2012

15 and non residential occupancies use different simulation engines, EnergyPro will crash if a.bld file includes both Is it a Conditioned and Unconditioned Hallways Hallways in multifamily buildings can be conditioned with their own HVAC system or unconditioned in that there is not a dedicated HVAC system serving the zone. However, the hallways that do not have a dedicated HVAC system may be considered indirectly conditioned zones if zone does not have fixed openings to the outdoors and the thermal transmittance area product (surface UA) adjacent to the conditioned zone is greater than the surface UA adjacent to unconditioned zone. In other words, if the hallway wall area adjacent to the conditioned zone is greater than the wall area adjacent to the unconditioned zone (or exterior) and there are not any fixed openings in the zone, than it is considered indirectly conditioned. An indirectly conditioned space must be included in the model as a separate conditioned space. The lighting must be averaged per dwelling unit and input on the HERS tab. A true unconditioned space is input into the energy model; however, the interior lighting for the unconditioned space should be modeled on the Exterior tab. Title 24 Standards provide definitions on the types of conditioned spaces (zones): Conditioned space is space in a building that is either directly conditioned or indirectly conditioned. Directly conditioned space is an enclosed space that is provided with wood heating, is provided with mechanical heating that has a capacity exceeding 10 Btu/hr ft²), or is provided with mechanical cooling that has a capacity exceeding 5 Btu/hr ft², unless the space conditioning system is designed for a process space. (See process space ) Indirectly conditioned space is enclosed space, including, but not limited to, unconditioned volume in atria, that (1) is not directly conditioned space; and (2) either (a) has a thermal transmittance area product (UA) to directly conditioned space exceeding that to the outdoors or to unconditioned space and does not have fixed vents or openings to the outdoors or to unconditioned space, or (b) is a space through which air from directly conditioned spaces is transferred at a rate exceeding three air changes per hour Use of Multipliers for Zones Use of vertical and horizontal multipliers in low rise is not allowed. Because the ground floor and top floor are unique (ground has a floor assembly, top has roof assembly), there is no opportunity to use the vertical multiplier in low rise models. High rise multifamily models often have multiple identical floors between the ground and top floors which is an appropriate use of vertical multipliers if these floors are identical. Horizontal multipliers are not likely going to be used. These multipliers would only apply if you have a row of units that are identical, and would only work for the middle units due to the walls being internal for both. However, it is unlikely that this method would be preferred over modeling an entire floor as one thermal zone, thereby eliminating the need for horizontal multipliers. EUC MF Energy Modeling Guidelines Version December 2012

16 3.1.5 Combining Exterior Surface Area Exterior surfaces can be combined in some circumstances. For example, if eight dwelling units are combined into one zone, the wall and windows may be combined instead of modeling them separately for each dwelling unit. Example: Eight identical dwelling units are modeled as one zone. Each unit has (2) 3 0 x 4 0 windows and (2) 6 0 x6 8 slider doors on a 25 wall facing west. The wall height is 8. There is a 2 overhang with.1 offset on all of these windows. The wall area can be combined to 1,600 square feet: (8) dwelling units x 25 per dwelling unit x 8 high. The (4) windows per dwelling unit can be combined into two separate inputs. The (2) 3 0 x 4 0 windows per dwelling unit, x 8 dwelling units can be combined to 192 square feet. The overhang would be modeled as a 2 overhang with 0.1 offset and the (2) windows per dwelling unit can be combined into one window with a width input as 48 0 and height modeled as 4 0. Similarly, for the patio sliders, the overhang would be modeled as a 2 overhang with 0.1 offset and the (2) patio sliders per dwelling unit can be combined into one 640 square foot window and modeled as 96 wide and height modeled as 6 8 high. This approach would produce the same results as modeling all windows separately. If the windows had different window assemblies or overhang characteristics s they would need to modeled separately Multiple Buildings on One Property Each building must show at least a 10% reduction in modeled energy use in order to be eligible for program participation. An energy model must be submitted for all unique buildings located on a single property. Files submitted that include multiple unique buildings in one energy model will not be accepted. A multifamily building for the purposes of the EUC MF program is 1. Any building with 5 or more dwelling units will qualify for the EUC Multi Family Pilot and will not qualify for the EUC Single Family Program. 2. Any building with 2,3 or 4 units and which there are any shared spaces, such as attics, hallways or other shared space, the units will qualify for the EUC Multi Family Pilot and will not qualify for the EUC Single Family Program. 3. Any building with 2,3 or 4 units which have more than one shared wall among any two units will qualify for the EUC Multi Family Pilot and will not qualify for the EUC Single Family Program. 4. Any building with 2,3 or 4 units which have only one shared wall between units and no shared spaces, may qualify to participate in the EUC Single Family on a unit by unit basis, provided they meet ALL of the requirements below: There is no communication between units and any installed measures will in no way affect the adjacent unit. The contractor will be required to conduct advanced pressure EUC MF Energy Modeling Guidelines Version December 2012

17 diagnostic testing and simultaneous air infiltration and combustion safety testing on all adjacent units to determine if communication exists. Each residence must be separately metered (gas & electric) and have an active SDGE utility account Each unit must be an independent residence and have its own mailing address (unit, suite, apt. numbers okay) Each residence/customer must meet the EUC SF eligibility guidelines for participation Often multiple buildings on a single property share central heating and domestic hot water (DHW) systems. The MF Central DHW Serving Multiple Buildings section of this document provides guidance for modeling these types of projects Creating a Mirror Image of a Building A mirror image of a building is when a building is flipped 180 resulting in a mirror image of another building. To do this easily in EnergyPro, create a building and input all data then "save as" another file to create a duplicate for the mirror building model. Proceed down into the building tree to the exterior surfaces in the "room" level to adjust the two walls that are 180 from the original building. Example: Original front wall is set at 30 change the mirror image wall to 210. The original back wall is set to 210 change the mirror image wall to 30 degrees. This is completed on each floor or zone of the building. 3.2 Energy Pro Zone and Room Inputs The inputs covered here include the thermal zone, the room occupancy, and loads assumptions. Additional inputs for high rise residential include interior lighting and exhaust fans Zone Element Details Based on zoning configuration identified during the audit and post processing of the data, a zone is created in EnergyPro for each thermal zone. Basic information about the zone is input about the zone and the room that will be added after the zone details are described. General Tab Input zone type and occupancy on the General tab of the zone element in Energy Pro. Low rise the zone type is conditioned and occupancy is multifamily. Conditioned common area must also be modeled as multifamily occupancy, as opposed to corridor or office, etc. High rise the occupancy type of the dwelling units is high rise residential. Common area of high rise multifamily should be modeled the appropriate occupancy (e.g. hallway, office, community room laundry, etc.). EUC MF Energy Modeling Guidelines Version December 2012

18 Lighting Tab Low rise it is not necessary to use the Lighting tab of the zone element for low rise buildings. High rise input common area LPD s on this Lighting tab for high rise buildings. Guidance on calculating LPD s is provided in Section Mechanical Tab The Mechanical tab is not used for most multifamily buildings, but may need to be used for HVAC systems serving large common areas in high rise multifamily buildings. Schedules Tab Low rise The Schedules tab is never used for low rise multifamily since all residential modules use the Title 24 default schedules for low rise multifamily, and cannot be adjusted. High rise The Schedules tab is used to select different operating schedules than the Title 24 default ones for high rise multifamily buildings for areas of high use, such as hallway lighting that is always on. Modified operating schedules require program administrator approval prior to being used in submitted energy models Room Element Details After the zone is input, proceed to create a room and input the room characteristics as determined during the audit and post processing of data. General Tab Input the square feet, ceiling height, year built, and whether the room is existing or new. Occupant Tab Low rise Input the number of bedrooms and kitchens as this effects ventilation energy calculations High rise The non residential occupancy inputs need to be confirmed; these include occupancy density, occupancy sensible and latent heat gain, and ventilation rates. An easy way to do this is after all zones occupancies have been selected at the zone level, do a global replacement (Cntrl H) for loads assumptions. This will ensure the non residential occupancy inputs are correct for the selected occupancy. Receptacle/Process Tab The Receptacle/Process tab is only used for high residential equipment and as a work around for inputting the dwelling unit lighting as described previously in Section Domestic Hot Water Tab The Domestic Hot Water tab is not used for modeling existing low rise or high rise multifamily buildings. EUC MF Energy Modeling Guidelines Version December 2012

19 Exhaust Fan Tab The Exhaust Fan tab is only used to input exhaust fans in high rise residential buildings. The process is described below in Section Lighting Tab The Lighting tab is not used for low rise or high rise multifamily buildings. 3.3 Exterior Surface Inputs Exterior surfaces are added to each defined room element and typically include raised floors, slab on grade floors, walls, roofs, and windows. Gross areas for all exterior surfaces are to be input. When labeling your exterior walls it is helpful to label by Front, Back, Right, and Left instead of orientation. This is useful if you are creating a mirror image. A number of construction assemblies have minor distinctions that may not be easy to identify. Some of the nuances of various construction assemblies that you will encounter in EnergyPro are covered in this section Default Values Verification of construction assemblies in an unobtrusive manner may be very difficult, or opposed by the building owner. In these cases, default construction assembly u values from Table R3 50 of the 2008 Residential Compliance Manual shall be used Attic and Cathedral Roofs Determining attic vs. cathedral ceiling: Attic an attic roof includes a ventilated space that is greater than 6 inches above the insulation and between the roof. Cathedral a cathedral roof is any roof that does not have an attic space less than 6 inches of space. The roof tilt must also be defined for these roof types. A roof tilt of 0 is often termed a flat roof Raised Floors Raised floors can be raised with a crawlspace, raised without a crawlspace, or raised over exterior conditions. The CEC rule is that if the crawlspace is ventilated, the construction is considered raised floor with crawlspace. If it is anything else it would be considered floor no crawl space. If a raised floor is over a garage or unconditioned basement it should be modeled as a floor no crawlspace because the temperature in the space is at an intermediate condition. Document your floor selection for ease of assessment review/quality assurance check. EUC MF Energy Modeling Guidelines Version December 2012

20 3.3.4 Slab on Grade Floors Slab on grade floor inputs require the floor area, perimeter length, construction assembly, and whether it is new or existing. Always model the slab on grade perimeter that is adjacent to the exterior. Exterior perimeter of the slab is any slab edge that is along the outside of the slab. Select the un heated slab construction assembly for slabs except those with radiant heating elements in the slab. In that case, select the heated slab on grade assembly. Underground Floor is the slab floor of a basement that is below grade. Underground wall is a basement wall or other wall in contact with the soil Exterior Walls Exterior wall inputs require the wall area, surface type, construction assembly, orientation, and tilt. Wall areas can be grouped according to the same orientation as described above in Section Wall construction assemblies encountered in existing multifamily buildings are typically available in the EnergyPro assembly library. Shaded Walls Some walls are completely shaded, yet exposed to ambient conditions. An example is an exterior wall of a dwelling unit adjacent to a unconditioned corridor. The corridor has openings that result in the indoor temperature being relatively that of the ambient conditions, but with a roof that eliminates any solar heat gains. To model this scenario, model the walls as the actual orientation and create a new wall assembly based on the actual but with an aged solar reflectance of 1.0. This will simulate a wall that reflects 100% of solar gains. Aged solar reflectance is a dimensionless quantity ranging from 0.0 (absorbs all solar radiation) to 1.0 (absorbs no solar radiation). An assembly with this input set to 1.0 therefore results in its surface being modeled as having no solar gain Windows and Overhangs Window inputs require the area, surface type, and construction assembly. In the majority of projects, it is preferred to aggregate window area for all windows on a wall in the same zone when they have the same u value, SHGC, and shading characteristics. Separate out individual windows to account for shading, such as overhangs or side fins, or to account for different types of windows (U values and SHGC). Window Assemblies When selecting a window construction assembly, the U value and SHGC are the most important aspects to consider. There are three choices to select from: default, center of glass, and NFRC rating. When selecting the default values, as most existing building models will use, the energy analyst must also select the appropriate fenestration properties as these affect the default U value and SHGC values. It is necessary to create a different window assembly for fixed and operable windows when using the default values. EUC MF Energy Modeling Guidelines Version December 2012

21 Center of glass values are typically for site built windows used in high rise buildings. These values exclude the framing. NFRC labeled windows are for manufactured windows and include the framing factor. The fenestration properties do not need adjustment when selecting NFRC labeled windows. If this approach is used in the final test out models, the NFRC label must be provided as part of the project submittal. Overhangs, Side-fins, and Other Exterior Shading Only shading permanently attached to the building should be modeled. A tree or a neighboring building may not be used in the model as shading. Overhangs that extend at least one foot out over the window must be modeled. EUC MF Energy Modeling Guidelines Version December 2012

22 4. DOMESTIC HOT WATER (DHW) All multifamily buildings will have a domestic hot water (DHW) system to model. The DHW equipment can be individual DHW units per dwelling unit, central DHW systems serving all dwelling units, or a combination of both. The DHW system characteristics are input into EnergyPro on the Domestic Hot Water tab of the Plant element. Data for these inputs is taken from data collection forms: Multifamily Building Information Data Collection Form 1/3: the second half has MF Central DHW data Multifamily Dwelling Unit Equipment Form 1/2: individual DHW system data Equipment Efficiency Determination The following directories can be used to obtain efficiency values: manufacturer specifications, Energy Commission Appliance Directory, AHRI Primenet on line directory, or RESNET default vintage tables. Table R3 50 of the 2008 Residential Compliance Manual shall be used for default values for DHW and HVAC equipment if the efficiency cannot be verified with these directories. De rating of equipment nameplate or default ratings is not allowed for EUC project submittals unless the equipment has been field tested and the actual operating efficiency has been verified Domestic Hot Water Inputs The primary DHW boiler equipment, circulation pump, and hydronic piping are input on the Domestic Hot Water tab. DHW Boiler Small storage water heaters and large storage water heaters are typically not considered boilers, but in this section and EnergyPro, the term boiler is interchangeable with the term water heater. The input rating of a gas fired boiler defines whether it is a small or large boiler. Gas fired boilers with an input rating of 75,001 Btu/hr and greater are considered large capacity boilers. Gas fired boilers with an input rating of 75,000 Btu/hr and less are considered small capacity water heaters. Both small capacity and large capacity boilers require the storage tank volume and input rating. Large boilers The additional inputs for large capacity boilers are the recovery efficiency and standby loss. Large capacity boilers without a verifiable recovery efficiency or standby loss should use 0.76 recovery efficiency and a standby loss of 2.5%. The standby loss is input in decimal format (e.g ). EUC MF Energy Modeling Guidelines Version December 2012

23 Standby loss is the % of heat (energy) lost per hour of operation due to radiation from the storage tank. Standby loss is a measure of equipment efficiency that applies only to the larger capacity boilers. The energy factor (discussion below) is a measure of small capacity boilers that includes the standby loss. The standby loss effect is reduced by adding tank insulation, or by increasing the combustion efficiency (thereby lowering the waste heat leaving the flue vent). To calculate the standby loss, consult the AHRI Directory for your water heater or boiler: Retrieve model number, manufacturer name for all DHW equipment in your project Go online to ahridirectory.org Find the AHRI certificate of your model The AHRI certificate will list the input (BTU/hr) and the standby loss (BTU/hr) To convert this to a number that Energy Pro can use, simply divide the standby loss by the Input rating Example: Input 90,000 BTU/hr, Standby Loss 1530 BTU/hr. Energy Pro input = (1.7% = 1530 / 90,000). New AHRI rated large storage water heaters may also list the standby loss as a percentage in addition to the hourly loss in Btu/hr. This percentage metric is calculated differently than the standby loss listed as Btu/hr, and should not be used as an EnergyPro input. The standby loss for the existing and proposed equipment must be the calculated value described in the above example. Small capacity boilers require the energy factor volume, and fuel input to be input in EnergyPro. The standby loss or external tank insulation is not necessary for small capacity boilers since it is accounted for the energy factor rating. There is not currently a way to model additional external tank insulation beyond R 12 for small capacity boilers. All indirect gas fired boilers are considered large capacity boilers and inputs for all indirect gas fired boilers include: Storage tank volume Boiler input rating Recovery efficiency Boiler pilot loss Storage tank external insulation Pilot loss Boiler pilot loss can be obtained from the Energy Commission appliance database or manufacturer specifications. If boiler pilot loss is not available from either data source use 750 Btu/hr as the pilot loss input for indirect fired boilers. Tank insulation It is important to know that the Title 24 Part 6 ACM assumes a minimum of R 12 external insulation on indirect fired boiler tanks. The value currently cannot be lower than R 12. However, if there is more insulation, the higher figure should be used as the input. Water Loops The loop set point temperature on the Hot Water tab is only required for water loop heat pump systems. Steam boilers are modeled as indirect gas fired boilers. EUC MF Energy Modeling Guidelines Version December 2012

24 MF Central DHW Pump and Piping The multifamily central systems check box should be checked if the DHW system serves six or more dwelling units. For MF central DHW systems the recirculation pump and piping characteristics need to be input. Recirculation Pumps Input the recirculation pump motor horsepower and quantity of pumps. The horsepower can be obtained off of the nameplate. Typically these are small pumps rated in Watts and will need to be converted to horsepower using the following conversion. HP pump = Watts pump / 746 Watts per HP Example: HP pump = 50W pump / 746 Watts per HP = HP Recirculation pump controls Describe the recirculation pump control methodology for the multifamily central DHW system. There are several methods to control the recirculation pump. Existing systems commonly run continuously or utilize a timer. The control options for multifamily central DHW recirculation pump include None: runs continuously (24/7). Timer: time clock that turns on/off during normal use times. Demand: water heating turns on based on hot water demand. Temperature: uses a temperature sensor in the loop; when the temperature drops below a certain temperature the pump will turn on to recirculate the water. Timer temperature: combination of a timer and temperature system. Distribution piping The linear feet of DHW distribution piping located outside, underground, and in plenums needs to be input into the model. If the DHW system serves multiple buildings on the property then there will likely be piping located underground. This length will need to be measured from site plans or estimated during the audit. Residential Distribution Residential distribution is intended to describe the piping within the dwelling units for individual DHW systems and systems serving less than six dwelling units. The default in EnergyPro is Kitchen Pipe Insulation (or Standard in the Title 24 Part Residential Compliance Manual, Table 5 1), defined as a standard system, without any pumps for distributing hot water, in which the first 5 ft of both hot and cold water piping from the storage tank is insulated, as is piping from the water heater to the kitchen. This default likely needs to be changed as determined during the energy audit to either No Pipe Insulation (most likely), or All Pipes Insulated. Other, less common distribution system descriptor options are outlined in Table 5 1 of the 2008 Residential Compliance Manual. This input is not required for multifamily central DHW systems. EUC MF Energy Modeling Guidelines Version December 2012

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