Objectives: Rationale:
|
|
- Leonard Ball
- 7 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Evaluation of Various Sand Topdressing Practices on Three Creeping Bentgrass Cultivars Maintained Under Two Fertility Levels on a Research Golf Green, 2006 Purdue University Adam C. Moeller and Cale A. Bigelow Objectives: Rationale: Determine the topdressing requirements of three widely planted bentgrasses maintained under two nitrogen levels. Monitor the long-term changes in rootzone physical properties of a sand-based putting green rootzone topdressed with varying sand sizes and application frequencies and observe the effectiveness of applying topdressing frequently in replace of aerification. Sand topdressing is applied to putting greens for thatch management and to provide a smooth and firm surface. Some thatch is desirable because it provides a cushion for traffic and absorbs the impact of a golf ball. Excessive thatch, however, is very detrimental as it predisposes the turf to pest damage and may make the turf more prone to scalping. The cultural requirements necessary to manage thatch in high shoot density bentgrasses like A-4 have not been well documented. If the sand size does not match the existing rootzone the soil physical properties could decline. How it was done: Three bentgrass [Agrostis stolonifera L. var palustris (Huds.) Farw.] cultivars; Penncross, L-93, and A-4 were seeded to a sand-based research green. Five thatch management programs: no aerification but topdressed frequently, twice annual aerification (Apr/Sept) plus back-filling the holes with either a sand that matches the underlying rootzone or a finer topdressing sand, aerification plus weekly topdressing of either a traditional sand or fine sand, are being evaluated under two nitrogen fertilization ( 112 vs. 196 kg N ha-1yr-1) regimes. Plots were rated visually for overall turfgrass quality on a 0 to 10 scale where 0 equals brown or dead turf and 10 equals optimum greenness, density and uniformity. Canopy greenness was quantified weekly using a hand-held chlorophyll meter (Spectrum Technologies CM-1000). Soil water content was collected using time domain reflectometry (POGO Soil Sensor). A Clegg Impact Soil Tester was used to measure surface hardness (0.5 kg model). A double ring Turf-Tec Infiltration Ring (model IN5-W) was used to measure infiltration rates. Tiller density was measured by three times throughout the season. Dollar spot infection centers were counted as disease outbreaks occurred. Results to date: Tiller density results were as expected, A-4 had the highest number of tillers and Penncross had the lowest number of tillers. Surface hardness was lower in A 4 and L 93 compared to Penncross. Non-aerified plots yielded the firmest surface while topdressing frequently with fine sand had the softest surface. This is correlated with the data that shows that the fine topdressing sand leads to higher soil water content. TQ was highest in non-aerified plots although they had significantly more dollar spot during disease outbreaks. The plots frequently topdressed with fine 1
2 sand produced the lowest TQ, likely because of higher percentages of moss. L-93 at the high annual N rate had the best TQ among all cultivars while Penncross at the low annual N rate had the lowest TQ, primarily because of higher amounts of moss and increased dollar spot. Among cultivars across all cultivation and N levels A 4 had the most dollar spot. These results are first year data with the exception of one dollar spot measurement. Particle size distribution within the thatch and percent organic matter has yet to be analyzed. Figure 1. Medium-coarse and medium-fine topdressing sands for five thatch management programs 2
3 70 60 Medium-coarse Medium-fine 50 % mm 1mm 0.5mm 0.25mm 0.15mm 0.1mm 0.05mm <0.05mm Figure 2. Particle size distribution of two topdressing sands. Figure 3. Aerification occurred on April and 15 September using 5/8 th inch hollow tines. Cores were back-filled with either the medium-coarse or medium-fine sand. 3
4 Figure 4. Light, frequent topdressing applications were made every 7-10 d. Main plots shown here separate thatch management programs and are comprised of three different bentgrass cultivars and two N levels. Figure 5. N response after 24 kg N ha -1 was applied on 15 October 4
5 Figure 6. Dollar infection centers were counted during periods of disease outbreak. Penn A-4 plots had the highest amounts of infection centers per cultivar and non-aerified main plots had the highest amounts per thatch management program throughout all rating dates. Figure 7. Moss incidence was observed on plots receiving frequent topdressing applications with the medium-fine sand. 5
6 Figure 8. Infiltration rates were measured twice during the summer for each plot using a doublering turf infiltrometer A-4 High N A-4 Low N L-93 High H L-93 Low N Penncross High N Penncross Low N Tillers 5cm Jun 27-Jul 24-Aug 13-Oct Figure 9. Turf density was determined for all cultivars maintained under both N levels. 6
7 Table 1. Soil particle size distribution and physical properties of the sand-based rootzone. Soil particle size distribution and physical properties of the sand-based rootzone Soil Separation (%) Sieve fraction sand particle diameter (% retained) Sand Silt Clay Gravel V. Coarse Coarse Medium Fine V. Fine V. Fine < mm Bulk density K Sat Total porosity Organic matter g cm -3 cm h -1 % % Table 2. Particle size distribution of two sands used for topdressing. Sieve fraction sand particle diameter (% retained) Gravel V. Coarse Coarse Medium Fine V. Fine V. Fine Silt / Clay Sand source > < mm Medium coarse Medium fine
8 Table 3. Turf density of three creeping bentgrass cultivars under two fertility levels, Purdue University, Turf density Cultivar Annual N rate 28 June 27 July 24 Aug 13 Oct Number of tillers / 5 cm A kg N 60.5 a 45.3 a 46.3 a 57.8 a A kg N 55.3 a 44.1 ab 39.8 b 53.1 a L kg N 42.0 bc 37.5 c 38.0 b 47.5 b L kg N 46.1 b 40.1 bc 38.5 b 47.6 b Penncross 196 kg N 33.1 d 28.9 d 29.1 c 39.6 c Penncross 112 kg N 36.5 cd 26.4 d 21.6 d 37.9 c LSD Tillers were counted by hand from 5 cm 2 plugs removed from each non-aerified plot. Fertilizer was applied in granular and liquid formulations throughout the year. *Means in the same column followed by the same letter are not significantly different according to Fisher s protected LSD Table 4. Surface hardness measurements of three creeping bentgrass cultivars under two fertility levels, Purdue University, Surface hardness Cultivar Annual N Rate 24 May 29 June 13 October Surface hardness (g max ) A kg N 101 a 115 a 114 a A kg N 104 ab 120 b 117 ab L kg N 106 abc 121 b 119 bc L kg N 108 bc 123 b 118 ab Penncross 196 kg N 109 c 129 c 122 cd Penncross 112 kg N 115 d 135 d 125 d LSD Hollow tine aerification 14 April and 14 September. Fertilizer was applied in granular and liquid formulations throughout the year. *Means in the same column followed by the same letter are not significantly different according to Fisher s protected LSD 8
9 Table 5. Surface hardness measurements of five topdressing regimes, Purdue University, Surface hardness Treatment Sand particle size 24 May 29 June 13 Oct Surface hardness (g max ) No Aerification + Frequent Topdressing Medium coarse 115 a 128 a 134 a Seasonal Aerification + Seasonal Topdressing Medium coarse 109 b 128 a 121 b Seasonal Aerification + Frequent Topdressing Medium coarse 104 c 120 c 113 cd Seasonal Aerification + Seasonal Topdressing Medium fine 106 bc 124 b 116 c Seasonal Aerification + Frequent Topdressing Medium fine 103 c 118 c 112 d LSD Hollow tine aerification on 14 April and 14 September. Sand particle size distribution content seen in Table 1. *Means in the same column followed by the same letter are not significantly different according to Fisher s protected LSD. Table 6. Volumetric water content of five topdressing regimes, Purdue University, Treatment Sand particle size 3 May 19 May 14 June 17 July 13 Aug Volumetric water content (%) No Aerification + Frequent Topdressing Medium coarse 19.2 a 19.7 bc 20.5 bc 16.9 a 16.6 a Seasonal Aerification + Seasonal Topdressing Medium coarse 17.4 b 18.5 a 19.6 ab 16.8 a 16.7 a Seasonal Aerification + Frequent Topdressing Medium coarse 17.5 b 18.4 a 19.0 a 16.4 a 16.9 a Seasonal Aerification + Seasonal Topdressing Medium fine 18.6 ab 19.2 ab 19.9 abc 17.2 a 17.3 a Seasonal Aerification + Frequent Topdressing Medium fine 19.4 a 20.4 c 21.1 c 18.5 b 18.9 b LSD Hollow tine aerification 14 April and 14 September. Sand particle size distribution content seen in Table 1. *Means in the same column followed by the same letter are not significantly different according to Fisher s protected LSD. 9
10 Table 7. Infiltration rate of five topdressing regimes, Purdue University, Infiltration rate Treatment Sand particle size 30 June 16 August Infiltration rate (cm/h -1 ) No Aerification + Frequent Topdressing Medium coarse 81.2 cd 91.4 a Seasonal Aerification + Seasonal Topdressing Medium coarse a b Seasonal Aerification + Frequent Topdressing Medium coarse 98.9 b 92.9 a Seasonal Aerification + Seasonal Topdressing Medium fine 86.9 c 89.5 a Seasonal Aerification + Frequent Topdressing Medium fine 73.0 d 70.6 c LSD Hollow tine aerification on 14 April and 14 September Sand particle size distribution content seen in Table 1. *Means in the same column followed by the same letter are not significantly different according to Fisher s protected LSD. 10
11 Table 8. Infiltration rate of three creeping bentgrass cultivars, Purdue University, Infiltration rate Cultivar Annual N rate 30 June 16 August Infiltration rate (cm/h -1 ) A kg N a 99.3 a A kg N 96.7 ab 97.0 ab L kg N 93.1 abc 93.7 abc L kg N 87.7 bc 86.0 bc Penncross 196 kg N c 85.6 bc Penncross 112 kg N 87.9 bc 82.8 c LSD Infiltration rate measured through time of water to empty from the center ring of a double-ring infiltrometer. Fertilizer was applied in granular and liquid formulations throughout the year. *Means in the same column followed by the same letter are not significantly different according to Fisher s protected LSD. 11
12 Table 9. Turf quality, percent moss, and dollar spot infection centers on five topdressing regimes and three creeping bentgrass cultivars, Purdue University, Turf quality, percent moss, and dollar spot infection centers Mean turf quality Percent moss Dollar spot infection centers 24 Jul 05 1 Aug 06 9 May 22 May 1 Aug 11 Aug Treatment Sand particle size Turf quality rating ± --- % Moss / plot Number of infection centers / plot --- No Aerification + Frequent Topdressing Coarse 8.3 a 0.11 a 0.33 a 4.33 c 10.8 c 18.9 c 32.7 a Aerification + Seasonal Topdressing Coarse 7.7 c 0.12 a 0.41 ab 0.29 a 1.92 a 3.21 a 13.1 d Aerification + Frequent Topdressing Coarse 7.9 b 0.44 ab 0.41 ab 0.67 a 4.79 ab 10.9 b 19.7 cd Aerification + Seasonal Topdressing Fine 7.8 bc 0.86 b 0.87 b 1.50 ab 9.75 bc 12.1 bc 22.1 bc Aerification + Frequent Topdressing Fine 7.6 c 1.75 c 1.95 c 3.42 bc 12.7 c 12.6 bc 29.0 ab LDS Cultivar Annual N rate A kg N 8.1 b 0.02 a 0.05 a 4.25 a 19.9 a 34.3 a 47.9 a A kg N 7.5 d 0.05 a 0.10 a 5.45 a 21.8 a 21.7 b 36.6 b L kg N 8.6 a 0.10 a 0.05 a 0.30 b 0.80 b 3.70 c 16.2 cd L kg N 7.8 c 0.32 a 0.25 a 0.80 b 2.20 b 4.05 c 12.0 cd Penncross 196 kg N 8.0 b 1.06 b 1.80 b 0.70 b 1.85 b 3.60 c 19.2 c Penncross 112 kg N 7.0 e 2.40 c 2.55 c 0.75 b 1.45 b 1.95 c 8.2 d LDS Hollow tine aerification 14 April and 14 September. ± Turf quality was visually assessed on a 0-10 scale where 10 = very dense, uniform, dark green turf. Sand particle size distribution content seen in Table 1. Fertilizer was applied in granular and liquid formulations throughout the year. *Means in the same column followed by the same letter are not significantly different according to Fisher s protected LSD. 12
DEPTH ON MOISTURE RETENTION PROBLEMS IN UNDULATING USGA PUTTING GREENS B.
EFFECT OF ROOTZONE MATERIAL AND DEPTH ON MOISTURE RETENTION PROBLEMS IN UNDULATING USGA PUTTING GREENS B. Leinauer, P. Rieke, R. Calhoun, T. Nikolai, D. Karcher, and J. Crum Department of Crop and Soil
More informationSelection and Establishment of Creeping Bentgrass On a Golf Course in the Twenty-First Century
Selection and Establishment of Creeping Bentgrass On a Golf Course in the Twenty-First Century Richard Hurley Ph.D. Adjunct Professor Rutgers University Introduction to some new creeping bentgrass varieties,
More informationEarly Season Fungicide Applications. Document Classification: PUBLIC
Early Season Fungicide Applications Controlling Dollar Spot Dollar spot (Sclerotinia homeocarpa) is becoming an increasingly troublesome disease to control. Several key factors and changes in golf course
More informationGRADATION OF AGGREGATE FOR CONCRETE BLOCK
GRADATION OF AGGREGATE FOR CONCRETE BLOCK Although numerous papers have been written concerning the proper gradation for concrete mixes, they have generally dealt with plastic mixes, and very little published
More informationMaintaining a Healthy Lawn
Maintaining a Healthy Lawn in Western Oregon A.M. VanDerZanden and T. Cook EC 1521 Reprinted February 2001 $1.50 The typical home lawn is an evolving ecosystem that gets more complex each year. At first,
More informationFlooding on Sports Fields
www.stma.org Flooding on Sports Fields Flooding events caused by excessive rainfall can be extremely detrimental to sports fields. Flooding saturates a rootzone and creates an unfavorable soil environment
More informationNOTE: FOR PROJECTS REQUIRING CONTRACTOR MIX DESIGN, THE DESIGN PROCEDURES ARE SPECIFIED IN THE SPECIAL PROVISIONS OF THE CONTRACT.
September 1, 2003 CONCRETE MANUAL 5-694.300 MIX DESIGN 5-694.300 NOTE: FOR PROJECTS REQUIRING CONTRACTOR MIX DESIGN, THE DESIGN PROCEDURES ARE SPECIFIED IN THE SPECIAL PROVISIONS OF THE CONTRACT. 5-694.301
More informationPREVENTING PEST DAMAGE IN HOME LAWNS
PREVENTING PEST DAMAGE IN HOME LAWNS Quick Tips Summary Use mixed grass seeds rather than a single variety Fertilize with composted organics or slow-acting synthetic products Keep soil at ph 5.8 6.5 Keep
More informationTurfgrass Traffic and Compaction: Problems and Solutions
PUBLICATION 8080 Turfgrass Traffic and Compaction: Problems and Solutions M. ALI HARIVANDI, University of California Cooperative Extension Environmental Horticulture Advisor, Alameda, Contra Costa, and
More informationSoil Properties soil texture and classes heat capacity, conductivity and thermal diffusivity moisture conductivity
Lecture 33 Lecture on Soil Physics, part 1 Soil Properties soil texture and classes heat capacity, conductivity and thermal diffusivity moisture conductivity porosity and diffusion i Theory, Heat Transfer
More informationGreens TERRA SPIKE. Satisfied players are your best customers so you should achieve a maximum of quality on your turf. We will assist you.
Deep aeration and removal of compaction to a depth of 30 cm, central tine adjustment, central depth adjustment, integrated damping system, integrated tine mounting and dismounting system, wide range of
More informationRetail Lawn Seed Mixtures for Western Oregon and Western Washington
Retail Lawn Seed Mixtures for Western Oregon and Western Washington EM 9100 November 2014 Stan Baker, Alec Kowalewski, Brian McDonald, and Rob Golembiewski A number of new lawn seed products have become
More informationSIEVE ANALYSIS OF FINE AND COARSE AGGREGATES
Test Procedure for SIEVE ANALYSIS OF FINE AND COARSE AGGREGATES TxDOT Designation: Tex-200-F Effective Date: January 2016 1. SCOPE 1.1 Use this test method to determine the particle size distribution of
More informationPractical Math for the Turfgrass Professional CDHORT200
Practical Math for the Turfgrass Professional CDHORT200 University of Arkansas, United States Department of Agriculture, and County Governments Cooperating Table of Contents TURF MATHEMATICS 2 AREA CALCULATIONS
More informationDrainage A Crucial Component for Athletic Field Performance. Part Three: Sub-Surface Installed Drainage Systems
www.stma.org Drainage A Crucial Component for Athletic Field Performance Part Three: Sub-Surface Installed Drainage Systems Water is applied to maintained turfgrass areas by irrigation or precipitation.
More informationPENN STATE UNIVERSITY S BEAVER STADIUM has a reputation
Beaver Stadium: A Decision Case in Football Field Management A. J. Turgeon* ABSTRACT Difficult decisions are not unusual for sports turf managers whose work requires them to sustain high quality levels
More information14.330 SOIL MECHANICS Assignment #4: Soil Permeability.
Geotechnical Engineering Research Laboratory One University Avenue Lowell, Massachusetts 01854 Edward L. Hajduk, D.Eng, PE Lecturer PA105D Tel: (978) 94 2621 Fax: (978) 94 052 e mail: Edward_Hajduk@uml.edu
More informationAnalysis of Double-Ring Infiltration Techniques and Development of a Simple Automatic Water Delivery System
2005 Plant Management Network. Accepted for publication 25 April 2005. Published. Analysis of Double-Ring Infiltration Techniques and Development of a Simple Automatic Water Delivery System Justin H. Gregory,
More informationBusting the Most Common Lawn Myths and Misconceptions Aaron Patton
DIVISION OF AGRICULTURE R E S E A R C H & E X T E N S I O N University of Arkansas System Agriculture and Natural Resources FSA6142 Busting the Most Common Lawn Myths and Misconceptions Aaron Patton Assistant
More informationLABORATORY CLASSIFICATION OF SOILS FOR ENGINEERING PURPOSES
Test Procedure for LABORATORY CLASSIFICATION OF SOILS FOR ENGINEERING PURPOSES TxDOT Designation: Tex-142-E Effective Date: August 1999 1. SCOPE 1.1 This method is a system for classifying disturbed and
More informationDetermination of Thermal Conductivity of Coarse and Fine Sand Soils
Proceedings World Geothermal Congress Bali, Indonesia, - April Determination of Thermal Conductivity of Coarse and Fine Sand Soils Indra Noer Hamdhan 1 and Barry G. Clarke 2 1 Bandung National of Institute
More informationHow To Treat A Plant Root Disease
TYPICAL SITES/CONDITIONS FOR TAKE-ALL SITES Agrostis spp. Only New Golf Courses/Virgin Woodland Methyl Bromide & Other Fumigants/Renovation Rebuilt Greens, Tees/Sand Rootzones Imported In Sod Disease May
More informationAppendix D.1. Testing Requirements for Infiltration, Bioretention and Sand Filter Subsoils
Appendix D.1 Testing Requirements for Infiltration, Bioretention and Sand Filter Subsoils General Notes Pertinent to All Testing 1. For infiltration trench (I-1) and basin (I-2) practices, a minimum field
More informationUNDER DRAINAGE AND FILTER DESIGN
UNDER DRAINAGE AND FILTER DESIGN Tailings and HLP Workshop 28 April to 1 May 2010 INTRODUCTION The internal drainage is of crucial importance to the reliability and safety of a tailings dam throughout
More informationName: PLSOIL 105 & 106 First Hour Exam February 27, 2012. Part A. Place answers on bubble sheet. 2 pts. each.
Name: PLSOIL 105 & 106 First Hour Exam February 27, 2012 Part A. Place answers on bubble sheet. 2 pts. each. 1. A soil with 15% clay and 20% sand would belong to what textural class? A. Clay C. Loamy sand
More informationPOWDER PROPERTIES LABORATORY
Ground Rules POWDER PROPERTIES LABORATORY You will work as a team of no more than 6 students. At the end of this laboratory session each team will turn in a single report. The report will be reviewed,
More informationSummer Stress Arrives Early on Cool Season Lawns
Summer Stress Arrives Early on Cool Season Lawns Figure 1. A fall installed tall fescue sod showing the first signs of summer stress following the arrival of record setting heat in central Virginia in
More informationChapter D9. Irrigation scheduling
Chapter D9. Irrigation scheduling PURPOSE OF THIS CHAPTER To explain how to plan and schedule your irrigation program CHAPTER CONTENTS factors affecting irrigation intervals influence of soil water using
More informationArea No. 8 Test Pit No. 191
Area No. 8 Test Pit No. 191 Area Sierra-Yoyo-Desan Road Excavator Cat 322 B Photographs Location 43 m @ 40 degrees from TP-189 Northing 6571912 Date 03 March 2003 R4-7 Easting 0568784 Weather -17 C, Snow
More informationApr 17, 2000 LAB MANUAL 1302.0. 1302 PARTICLE SIZE ANALYSIS OF SOILS AASHTO Designation T 88 (Mn/DOT Modified)
Apr 17, 2000 LAB MANUAL 1302.0 1302 PARTICLE SIZE ANALYSIS OF SOILS AASHTO Designation T 88 (Mn/DOT Modified) 1302.1 SCOPE This method describes a procedure for the quantitative determination of the distribution
More informationTurfgrass Management of Bermudagrass Football Fields
HLA-6600 Turfgrass Management of Bermudagrass Football Fields Oklahoma Cooperative Extension Service Dennis Martin Extension Turfgrass Specialist The first step in developing a turfgrass management program
More informationUsing Web-based Software for Irrigation and Nitrogen Management in Onion Production: our Research Plan for 2013
Using Web-based Software for Irrigation and Nitrogen Management in Onion Production: our Research Plan for 2013 Andre Biscaro, Farm Advisor UCCE Los Angeles County Michael Cahn, Farm Advisor UCCE Monterey
More informationFri_B03 Healthy Soils I. Introduction: Soil or Dirt A. Natural soils and urban soils B. Goals of plants and soil in built landscapes
Fri_B03 Healthy Soils I. Introduction: Soil or Dirt A. Natural soils and urban soils B. Goals of plants and soil in built landscapes II. III. Physical Properties of Soil A. Texture B. Structure C. Density
More informationSt. Augustinegrass (Stenotaphrum
ANR-0262 Lawns (Stenotaphrum secundatum), which is sometimes referred to as Charles tongrass, is a coarsetextured, warm-season turfgrass that is adapted to warm, humid regions (subtropical). This turfgrass
More informationFor all turfgrass areas. Now you can test soil reaction at different levels in the soil profile. Check Soil ph on:
Turf-Tec ph Meter Test soil ph in the mat, thatch and above and below the root zone. ph can be checked, 0" to 4" inch level right on the turfgrass area. Simply insert probe to desired depth, allow to stand
More informationEffect of Hydraulic Fluids on Warm Season Putting Greens. William L. Berndt, Ph.D. Edison College, Fort Myers, Florida
Effect of Hydraulic Fluids on Warm Season Putting Greens By William L. Berndt, Ph.D. Edison College, Fort Myers, Florida Hydraulic systems are essential for the operation of many different types of golf
More informationADAPTATION OF OPTICAL SENSORS TO DETECT URINE AND DUNG PATCHES IN DAIRY PASTURE
ADAPTATION OF OPTICAL SENSORS TO DETECT URINE AND DUNG PATCHES IN DAIRY PASTURE Jemma Mackenzie 1, R Christianson 2, C Mackenzie 1 and I J Yule 2 1 Agri Optics NZ Ltd, 337 Reynolds Rd, RD 6, Ashburton,
More informationThe University of Toledo Soil Mechanics Laboratory
1 Grain Size Distribution Sieve Analysis The University of Toledo Soil Mechanics Laboratory Introduction The grain size distribution is a representation of the approximate distribution of soil grain sizes
More informationPotting Mix Choices and Recommendations
Potting Mix Choices and Recommendations Ted Bilderback Nursery Crops Specialist North Carolina State University There are no "one size fits all" recipes for growing containerized ornamental plants. However,
More informationLABORATORY DETERMINATION OF CALIFORNIA BEARING RATIO
LABORATORY DETERMINATION OF CALIFORNIA BEARING RATIO STANDARD IS: 2720 (Part 16) 1979. DEFINITION California bearing ratio is the ratio of force per unit area required to penetrate in to a soil mass with
More informationIntroduction: Growth analysis and crop dry matter accumulation
PBIO*3110 Crop Physiology Lecture #2 Fall Semester 2008 Lecture Notes for Tuesday 9 September How is plant productivity measured? Introduction: Growth analysis and crop dry matter accumulation Learning
More informationWater Conservation Best Management Practices for Sports Facilities
www.stma.org Water Conservation Best Management Practices The demand for potable water for agricultural, residential, and industrial use is expected to increase in the future while our supply of naturally
More informationCONSTANT HEAD AND FALLING HEAD PERMEABILITY TEST
CONSTANT HEAD AND FALLING HEAD PERMEABILITY TEST 1 Permeability is a measure of the ease in which water can flow through a soil volume. It is one of the most important geotechnical parameters. However,
More informationWarm Season Turfgrass Adaptation in Europe North of the 45º Parallel
CHAPTER NUMBER XX Warm Season Turfgrass Adaptation in Europe North of the 45º Parallel Alessandro De Luca, Italian Golf Federation Marco Volterrani, University of Pisa, Italy Monica Gaetani, University
More informationAPPENDIX A PRESSUREMETER TEST INTERPRETATION
APPENDIX A PRESSUREMETER TEST INTERPRETATION PRESSUREMETER TEST INTERPRETATION Description of test The pressuremeter test, discussed in great detail by Martin (1977), Baguelin et al. (1978), Barksdale
More informationGEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING FORMULAS. A handy reference for use in geotechnical analysis and design
GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING FORMULAS A handy reference for use in geotechnical analysis and design TABLE OF CONTENTS Page 1. SOIL CLASSIFICATION...3 1.1 USCS: Unified Soil Classification System...3 1.1.1
More informationGUIDELINES FOR SOIL FILTER MEDIA IN BIORETENTION SYSTEMS (Version 2.01) March 2008
GUIDELINES FOR SOIL FILTER MEDIA IN BIORETENTION SYSTEMS (Version 2.01) March 2008 The following guidelines for soil filter media in bioretention systems have been prepared on behalf of the Facility for
More informationStatus of EVOLVE boiling flow regime experiments
Status of EVOLVE boiling flow regime experiments M.H. Anderson M.L. Corradini J. Murphy I. Sviatoslavsky M. Sawan APEX TASK IV APEX ELECTRONIC MEETING Feb. 7, 2002 U- Madison of Nuclear Systems Nuclear
More informationSULFUR COATED UREA 32-0-0-0-0-24 CANADIAN INDUSTRIES LTD. PROCESS R. A. Brown National Sales Manager The Andersons, Maumee, Ohio Many people think
SULFUR COATED UREA 32-0-0-0-0-24 CANADIAN INDUSTRIES LTD. PROCESS R. A. Brown National Sales Manager The Andersons, Maumee, Ohio Many people think that sulfur coated urea is a new concept and still in
More informationInvestigator: David R. S. Rourke. General Trial Information
02 Nov 2011 (PowerRich Potato 2011 EC) Site Description Page 1 of 9 Trial ID: PR151-MWA Location: ELM CREEK, MB Protocol ID: Study Director: Trent Knight Investigator: David R. S. Rourke General Trial
More informationTEA IN TURKEY Hamit Vanli
TEA IN TURKEY Hamit Vanli Turkish State Tea Board (Caykur) Rize Turkey Global Advances in Tea Science, 1st May 1999. pp. 143 to 148 Edited by N.K.Jain, Published by Aravali Books International (P)Ltd,
More informationWhat is Soil Survey?
What is Soil Survey? Soil Survey is a systematic examination, description, classification, and mapping of the soils in a given area. Brady and Weil. 1996 Who Produces Soil Survey Cooperative effort between
More informationSometimes a decision can take a long time. Changing Turfgrasses for Changing Times
Changing Turfgrasses for Changing Times Creating a new business model by way of an agronomic decision makes a golf course even better. BY PATRICK M. O BRIEN The high costs of bentgrass putting green maintenance
More informationGeotechnical Investigation Test Report
Geotechnical Investigation Test Report Report No. htsc/rcd/ 3457 Dated: - 20/03/2010 Asphalt Standard Penetration Test as per IS 2131 ------------- IS 6403 Soil Job Card No - 1649 Cement Client/Department
More informationBuild a new green on a shaded site that has poor air circulation and you can anticipate a slow, agonizing grow-in.
Build a new green on a shaded site that has poor air circulation and you can anticipate a slow, agonizing grow-in. Bentgrass Putting Green Establishment Avoid the perilous pitfalls frequently encountered
More information"The Knowns and Unknowns of Nutrient Uptake" Roch Gaussoin, PhD University of Nebraska-Lincoln rgaussoin1@unl.edu http://turf.unl.
"The Knowns and Unknowns of Nutrient Uptake" Roch Gaussoin, PhD University of Nebraska-Lincoln rgaussoin1@unl.edu http://turf.unl.edu What we know now What we will know in the future Plant Nutrient Application
More informationINDEX 03010-1 DESCRIPTION 2 03010-2 MATERIALS 2 03010-3 APPROVAL OF SUBBASE COURSE 3 03010-4 CONSTRUCTION 4 03010-5 MEASUREMENT 6 03010-6 PAYMENT 6
03010_Dec22_2009.pdf Page 1 of 5 INDEX Page 03010-1 DESCRIPTION 2 03010-2 MATERIALS 2 03010-3 APPROVAL OF SUBBASE COURSE 3 03010-4 CONSTRUCTION 4 03010-5 MEASUREMENT 6 03010-6 PAYMENT 6 03010_Dec22_2009.pdf
More informationHIGHWAYS DEPARTMENT GUIDANCE NOTES ON SOIL TEST FOR PAVEMENT DESIGN
HIGHWAYS DEPARTMENT GUIDANCE NOTES ON SOIL TEST FOR PAVEMENT DESIGN Research & Development Division RD/GN/012 August 1990 HIGHWAYS DEPARTMENT GUIDANCE NOTES (RD/GN/012) SOIL TEST FOR PAVEMENT DESIGN Prepared
More informationDrip Irrigation for the Yard and Garden
Drip Irrigation for the Yard and Garden R. Troy Peters, Ph.D. WSU Extension Irrigation Engineer Drip irrigation has many advantages over sprinklers. The application efficiency of sprinklers is typically
More informationRemote Sensing Applications for Precision Agriculture
Remote Sensing Applications for Precision Agriculture Farm Progress Show Chris J. Johannsen, Paul G. Carter and Larry L. Biehl Department of Agronomy and Laboratory for Applications of Remote Sensing (LARS)
More informationCOTTON WATER RELATIONS
COTTON WATER RELATIONS Dan R. Krieg 1 INTRODUCTION Water is the most abundant substance on the Earth s surface and yet is the most limiting to maximum productivity of nearly all crop plants. Land plants,
More information4-02 Gravel Base. 4-04 Ballast and Crushed Surfacing
Chapter 4 Bases 4-02 Gravel Base GEN 4-02.1 General Instructions Gravel Base is typically used in the construction of the roadway section and provides support for the pavement. For the pavement to provide
More informationSULFUR AND MICRONUTRIENT RESPONSES ON CORN AND SOYBEANS George Rehm Department of Soil, Water, and Climate, University of Minnesota, St.
SULFUR AND MICRONUTRIENT RESPONSES ON CORN AND SOYBEANS George Rehm Department of Soil, Water, and Climate, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN Introduction The importance of sulfur and micronutrients
More informationRain Gardens: Designing your Landscape to Protect Aquatic Resources. Curtis Hinman WSU Extension Faculty Watershed Ecologist chinman@wsu.
Rain Gardens: Designing your Landscape to Protect Aquatic Resources Curtis Hinman WSU Extension Faculty Watershed Ecologist chinman@wsu.edu Basic Design Characteristics Shallow landscaped depressions that
More informationWHAT IS WRONG WITH MY LAWN?
WHAT IS WRONG WITH MY LAWN? Lawn problems can occur in small areas or larger patches and entire lawns can be affected. Sometimes the problems are due to poor growing conditions, improper lawn care practices,
More informationMaize is a major cereal grown and consumed in Uganda and in the countries of Kenya, Sudan, Democratic Republic of Congo and Rwanda
Maize Production in Uganda Farmers have improved maize yields from 1,000Kg/ha to 3,000-5,000 Kg/ha using the recommended technologies Maize is a major cereal grown and consumed in Uganda and in the countries
More informationUniversity of Florida Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences. Gulf Coast Research and Education Center 5007 60th Street East Bradenton, FL 34203
University of Florida Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences Gulf Coast Research and Education Center 5007 60th Street East Bradenton, FL 34203 FINAL REPORT Submitted to the Southwest Florida Water
More informationOhio Department of Transportation Division of Production Management Office of Geotechnical Engineering. Geotechnical Bulletin PLAN SUBGRADES
Ohio Department of Transportation Division of Production Management Office of Geotechnical Engineering Geotechnical Bulletin GB 1 PLAN SUBGRADES Geotechnical Bulletin GB1 was jointly developed by the Offices
More informationDYNAMIX COMPACT DISC HARROWS FOR TRACTORS FROM 100 TO 200 HP
DYNAMIX COMPACT DISC HARROWS FOR TRACTORS FROM 100 TO 200 HP DYNAMIX DYNAMIX KA RANGE OF COMPACT DISC HARROWS MAIN FEATURES www.rabe-gb.de STUBBLE CULTIVATION Todays farmers are facing new tasks: the ever-changing
More informationA Guide to Synthetic and Natural Turfgrass for Sports Fields. Selection, Construction and Maintenance Considerations
2 nd E d i t i o n A Guide to Synthetic and Natural Turfgrass for Sports Fields Selection, Construction and Maintenance Considerations There were many in the industry who provided information for the Guide.
More informationEcologically based weed management! Chuck Mohler! Cornell University!
Ecologically based weed management! Chuck Mohler! Cornell University! Outline! Understanding weeds! Behavior of wandering perennials! Tillage and emergence cues! Life and death of weed seeds in the soil!
More informationExamining the Clogging Potential of Underdrain Material for Stormwater Biofilter
Examining the Clogging Potential of Underdrain Material for Stormwater Biofilter Redahegn Sileshi 1, Robert Pitt 2 and Shirley Clark 3 1 Department of Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering,
More informationSPECIFIC GRAVITY OF COARSE AGGREGATE AASHTO T 85
SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF COARSE AGGREGATE AASHTO T 85 GLOSSARY Absorption: The increase in weight due to water contained in the pores of the material. Bulk Specific Gravity (also known as Bulk Dry Specific
More informationAGREGADOS RECICLADOS MITOS Y REALIDADES
The Production and Use of Recycled Concrete in the USA Thomas Van Dam, Ph.D., P.E., FACI Principal Engineer CTL Group Introduction In the United States, concrete is the most commonly used recycled material
More informationPHYSICAL AND PLASTICITY CHARACTERISTICS
0 PHYSICAL AND PLASTICITY CHARACTERISTICS EXPERIMENTS #1-5 CE 3143 October 7, 2003 Group A David Bennett 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. Experiment # 1: Determination of Water Content (August 26, 2003) pp. 1-3
More informationMarch Madness & Avid for Nematode Control
Weather Temperature ( F) 85 75 65 55 45 35 25 15 5 Columbia, MO March Daily Max/Min Temperature Normal vs 2012 vg Max Temp vg Min Temp 2012 Max Temp 2012 Min Temp Mar 1-15, 2012 vg: 53.5 F Dept. from Norm:
More informationGuidelines to Green Roofing
The Green Roof Organisation (GRO) Excellence in Green Roofs Guidelines to Green Roofing GRO is a partnership of Industry and Stakeholders coming together to develop guidance for specification, design,
More informationINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CIVIL AND STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING Volume 3, No 3, 2013
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CIVIL AND STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING Volume 3, No 3, 2013 Copyright by the authors - Licensee IPA- Under Creative Commons license 3.0 Research article ISSN 0976 4399 Reliability of
More informationManaging Wheat by Growth Stage
Managing Wheat by Growth Stage Kiersten Wise, Bill Johnson....Purdue Botany and Plant Pathology Chuck Mansfield.......... Purdue Agronomy Christian Krupke.......... Purdue Entomology ID-422 Photos by Kiersten
More information2014 Flax Weed Control Trial
2014 Flax Weed Control Trial Dr. Heather Darby, UVM Extension Agronomist Susan Monahan, Erica Cummings, Julian Post, and Sara Ziegler UVM Extension Crops and Soils Technicians 802-524-6501 Visit us on
More informationSOIL-LIME TESTING. Test Procedure for. TxDOT Designation: Tex-121-E 1. SCOPE 2. APPARATUS 3. MATERIALS TXDOT DESIGNATION: TEX-121-E
Test Procedure for SOIL-LIME TESTING TxDOT Designation: Tex-121-E Effective Date: August 2002 1. SCOPE 1.1 This method consists of three parts. 1.1.1 Part I determines the unconfined compressive strength
More informationSan Antonio Water System (SAWS) Texas A &M and Turf Producers of Texas
TURF San Antonio Water System (SAWS) Texas A &M and Turf Producers of Texas On Drought Tolerance & Drought Resistance Summary Objective: to identify turf varieties that have demonstrated summer dormancy
More informationPART 3 DEFINITION OF ROCKFILL VERSUS EARTHFILL MATERIAL
PART 3 DEFINITION OF ROCKFILL VERSUS EARTHFILL MATERIAL Allan J. Breitenbach, P.E. AB Engineering Inc. Littleton, Colorado, USA Telephone: 1/720-981-5244 Telefax: 1/720-981-5245 Email: ajbreitenbach@hotmail.com
More informationTitle: Call center and answering services for the medical & home health care industry
Title: Call center and answering services for the medical & home health care industry Word Count: 444 Summary: Now discover a whole new perspective to health care.\edical and home health care services
More informationSECTION 55 PIPE FOR STORM DRAINS AND CULVERTS (FAA D-701)
SECTION 55 PIPE FOR STORM DRAINS AND CULVERTS (FAA D-701) 55-1 GENERAL The Contractor shall perform all work required by the plans for construction of pipe for storm drains, precast polymer trench drains
More informationDanish research results in blackcurrants
Danish research results in blackcurrants Hanne Lindhard, Department of Horticulture Productions factors and crop physiology 1. Nitrogen fertilization. conventional 2. Fertilizations. organic 3. Cover crops
More informationMoringa Oleifera a Multipurpose Tree:
Moringa Oleifera a Multipurpose Tree: 1.0 Introduction: Amandla Resources 1.1 Moringa Oleifera belongs to the onogeneric family of shrubs and trees and originated south of the Himalayas in Northern India.
More informationComposting is one of the healthiest means of Organic Gardening.
Master Gardeners Nearly 30 years ago Washington State University began a program of training volunteers to help instruct members of their communities about proper gardening practices. That program has
More informationCALL VOLUME FORECASTING FOR SERVICE DESKS
CALL VOLUME FORECASTING FOR SERVICE DESKS Krishna Murthy Dasari Satyam Computer Services Ltd. This paper discusses the practical role of forecasting for Service Desk call volumes. Although there are many
More informationThe farm: Placed in the middle of Sealand 250 hektar 5000 pigs 30-110 kg produced Soiltype: JB 6
The farm: Placed in the middle of Sealand 250 hektar 5000 pigs 30-110 kg produced Soiltype: JB 6 (app. 14% clay, 14 silt, 45% fine sand, 27% sand) The principles of Conservation Agriculture (CA): - Minimum
More informationBasic Soil Erosion and Types
Basic Soil Erosion and Types 2015 Wisconsin Lakes Convention Stacy Dehne DATCP Engineer Types of Soil Erosion Rain drop or splash erosion: Erosion preceded by the destruction of the crumb structure due
More information9.00 THE USE OF HUNTER LAND DRAINAGE PERFORATED PIPES. Hunter Underground Systems
9.00 THE USE OF HUNTER LAND DRAINAGE PERFORATED PIPES Hunter Underground Systems 9.01 General 9.02 Surface water Drainage 9.03 Groundwater Drainage 9.04 Dispersal of Septic Tank Effluent 9.01 The use of
More informationEvaluation of Sixty-Day Drought Survival In San Antonio of Established Turfgrass Species and Cultivars
Evaluation of Sixty-Day Drought Survival In San Antonio of Established Turfgrass Species and Cultivars Final Report to Cooperators - February 2008 Submitted to: The San Antonio Water System and The Turfgrass
More informationUSGA GREEN SECTION TURF ADVISORY SERVICE REPORT
USGA GREEN SECTION TURF ADVISORY SERVICE REPORT Carmel Country Club Charlotte, NC United States Golf Association Southeast Region 1097 Highlands Dr. Birmingham, AL 35244 (205) 444-5079, FAX (205) 444 9561
More informationGENERAL WATERING & CARE GUIDE
GENERAL WATERING & CARE GUIDE Between 30-60 percent of water applied to lawns and gardens is never absorbed by the plants. Water is often wasted because it is applied too quickly and runs off, evaporates
More informationCATALOGUE OF PRODUCTS
Sklopísek Střeleč, joint stock company produces high quality glass, foundry, technical, filtration and sport sands, fine milled silica flour. The Střeleč area represents the largest deposit of prime quality
More informationSelf-Certification Checklist
Rhode Island Department of Environmental Managment Sustainable Turf Management for Landscaping Self-Certification Checklist Sustainable Turf Management for Landscaping Certification Program Rhode Island
More informationSurface Infiltration Rate of Permeable Pavements
22 Surface Infiltration Rate of Permeable Pavements E. Z. Bean, W. F. Hunt, and D. A. Bidelspach Asphalt surfaces have greatly increased the amount of pollutant-carrying runoff entering surface waters.
More informationINSITU TESTS! Shear Vanes! Shear Vanes! Shear Vane Test! Sensitive Soils! Insitu testing is used for two reasons:!
In-situ Testing! Insitu Testing! Insitu testing is used for two reasons:! To allow the determination of shear strength or penetration resistance or permeability of soils that would be difficult or impossible
More informationVirginia Street Tree Box Filters Demonstration Project
Virginia Street Tree Box Filters Demonstration Project HARVESTING WATER IN THE LANDSCAPE: IMPLEMENTING LOW IMPACT DEVELOPMENT November 16, 2007 Chris Conway, CPSWQ, Kennedy/Jenks Consultants E. Terri Svetich,
More information