What we ll learn today:!
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1 Learning Objectives (LO) Lecture 15: Earthquakes Read: Chapter 11 Homework #13 due Tuesday 12pm What we ll learn today:! 1. Describe different earthquake hazards! 2. List 4 types of seismic waves! 3. Describe how seismic wave characteristics result in shadow zones! 4. Describe seismic tomography and what it reveals about Earth s interior!
2 Santa Cruz Mts., CA Loma Prieta, 1989
3 Earthquake Damage Sichuan, China (2008, Mag. 7.9): 87,000 deaths Many deaths due to ground shaking and structure collapse
4 Proximity (how close) Intensity of quake Duration of quake Building design Nature of the ground (rocks) LA mountains, 1994 Oakland, 1989
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6 Strong shaking will cause wet soil to behave temporarily like a liquid, not a solid Kobe, Japan Earthquake hard rock wet, soft soil Places where liquefaction is a serious hazard: - Marina District (San Francisco) - LA basin - Mexico City - Kobe, Japan
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8 Fire is a major hazard after earthquakes San Francisco Earthquake (1906, Mag. 7.9) 3000 deaths 80% of San Francisco destroyed Kobe, Japan (1995, Mag. 7.2) 6400 deaths
9 Landslides are a major hazard from earthquakes Kashmir, Pakistan (2005, Mag. 7.6): 75,000 deaths
10 Tsunamis are a major hazard from earthquakes Tohoku, Japan (2011): 20,000 deaths 1 million buildings destroyed
11 Earthquakes generate seismic waves
12 Two Types of Seismic Waves 1. Body Waves: travel through the body of the Earth (P & S) - Waves compress and pull rocks in the direction of movement, - Change the volume & shape of material 2. Surface Waves: travel along the outer layer of the crust (Love and Raleigh) - Ground rolls like a water wave - Waves travel slowly and cause the most damage.
13 P (Primary) or compressional waves Direction of wave is same direction of force Fastest waves, travel through Earth s interior
14 S (Secondary) or shear waves Direction of wave is perpendicular to force Slower than P, also travel through Earth s interior
15 1) P & S waves bend as they travel through Earth layers 2) P & S waves can bounce off different density layers 3) S waves can t travel through liquid liquid outer core
16 S P P waves travel through fluids S waves do not travel through fluids
17 Crust-Mantle Boundary P and S waves travel faster in the mantle: more dense Speed in crust Speed in mantle Liquid outer core S waves can t travel through liquid core Solid inner core P waves reflect off of solid inner core Earthquake P-wave S-wave Seismo- Graph
18 Body Waves Seismograph Seismogram reading: P wave ground shaking S wave Surface wave ground REALLY shaking
19 First seismic Instrument: Chang Heng s Seismoscope 132 AD
20 Modern Seismometers record the ground shaking The recording is called a seismogram. Now, seismograms are recorded digitally.
21 Seismogram is made by a seismometer. S-P interval = distance from epicenter S-P time interval tells us the distance from the epicenter
22 4-12 km/s! New Mexico Harvard Alaska Event: 2003/01/22 02:06:35.8 Mag: 7.8 Depth: km Description: MEXICO Russia Note: 1 km/s ~ 2200 mi/hr Japan 1 hour
23 The size of an earthquake is measured by the Richter Scale Magnitude ranges from 0 to 10 An increase in magnitude of 1.0 indicates an earthquake that 32 times larger There are many more small earthquakes than big ones
24 Earthquake Intensity Scale (Modified Mercalli) measures the damage caused by earthquakes
25 Earthquake Prediction? Not possible yet! Instead, we have Earthquake Forecasts.
26 Earthquake Warning Gives advance warning of impending shaking from an earthquake that has already occurred
27 Seismology is the study of seismic waves Seismic waves are refracted and reflected at a discontinuity.
28 Refraction and Reflection of Seismic Waves Waves travel faster through denser rocks this causes upward bending of the waves as they descend through the mantle. Waves also reflect off density interfaces. Wave front Wave ray
29 Traveling S- and P- waves through the Earth. P-waves S-waves
30 S-wave propagation creates a shadow zone S wave! shadow zone! Network of epicenters around Earth s surface defines the interior zones
31 iclicker Question Seismic shadow zones are the result of: a. Waves absorbed in the liquid outer core b. A lack of large earthquake. c. A lack of seismometers in the Southern Hemisphere
32 Mohorovicic (Moho) Discontinuity ~ 8 km beneath oceanic basins ~ 20 to ~70 km beneath continents
33 Seismic data confirm the existence of discontinuities in Earth s interior. Discontinuities = changes in rock layers
34 Action Items for Thursday October Read Chapter Complete homework assignment #13 What you should know from today:! 1. Describe different earthquake hazards! 2. List 4 types of seismic waves! 3. Describe how seismic wave characteristics result in shadow zones! 4. Describe seismic tomography and what it reveals about Earth s interior!
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