First seizure. Dr. Eduard Bercovici
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1 First seizure Dr. Eduard Bercovici 1) Epileptologist / Adult Epilepsy Diet Clinic UHN - Toronto Western Hospital 2) Neurologist / Epileptologist Trillium Health Partners 3) Lecturer, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto
2 Disclosure Received grants / research support from Eisai and UCB Received honoraria from Eisai and UCB
3 Objective Review seizures and other differential diagnosis Discuss AAN guidelines on investigations and management in adults presenting with first unprovoked seizure Highlight evidence based studies on AED use in adults with seizures.
4 Differential Diagnosis (top) Syncope (all causes) TIA Migraine Transient global amnesia Sleep disorder Movement disorder Psychiatric (anxiety, panic etc) Psychogenic non epileptic events ex conversion, dissociative etc.
5 A Venn diagram example Pure cardiac Syncope Our typical patient with LOC Ideal seizure
6 Definitions Seizure sudden discharge of neuronal activity in synchrony producing electrical or clinical manifestations Epilepsy chronic disease marked by recurrent unprovoked seizures* Can be defined based on >2 seizures or > 1 seizure with > 60% risk of having subsequent seizure
7 Classification of Seizures Seizures Generalized Focal (partial) Tonic-Clonic Absence Simple Partial Myoclonic *Can secondarily generalize Complex Partial Dyscognitive ILAE 2010
8
9 Seizure types - typical Stereotyped semiology, last approx 1-2 minutes Focal Simple partial aura, motor, sensory preserved awareness Complex partial dyscognitive loss of awareness, automatism, unresponsive, glossy eye Generalized Can be preceded by focal seizure Stiffening (tonic) +/- clonic Ictal tongue biting / incontinence Post ictal sleepiness / confusion
10 Seizures atypical features Seizure semiology bizarre behaviours, hypermotor, hallucinations, spitting/laughing Jacksonian march Todd s paresis stroke like post seizure Status epilepticus seizure > 5-15 minutes Generalized Focal - epilepsia partialis continua (EPC) w/ awareness or complex partial status
11 Seizure as a symptom Structural Tumor, Ischemia / hemorrhage Drug induced toxic/metabolic encephalopathy Illicit drug use Alcohol / Benzo withdrawal Rarely other medication Metabolic hypo/ hyperglycemia, electrolyte (Na, Mg, Ca, Phosphate) Infection: Abscess; meningoencephalitis Avila & Graber, 2010
12 Seizures and Epilepsy Seizures are common incidence approximately 8% of single seizure Cause variable Epilepsy defined as >2 unprovoked seizures Affects approximately 1% of population 47% can become seizure free on single antiepileptic (AED); 14% after 2 nd or 3 rd, 3% after taking >2 AED Refractory failure of properly chosen 2 AEDs Approx 1/3 of patients diagnosed with epilepsy will be refractory to medical treatment Potschka and Brodie 2012, Wiebe and Jette 2012
13 AAN Guideline for Evaluating first Seizure 1. EEG 2. Imaging 3. Lab Krumholz et al., Neurology 2007
14 What s better a CT or MRI?
15 CT initially reported as normal
16 Urgent MRI requested
17 Pathology Part of lesion was Grade I glioma However, second biopsy sample was Grade III anaplastic astrocytoma
18 Does a normal EEG rule out epilepsy or seizures?
19 EEG A test that assesses brain electrical activity at that point in time over ~ 30 minutes Should be used as a risk stratifying tool and supportive Not commonly diagnostic unless patterns (ex. infantile spasms) or ictal events are captured Assesses for interictal epileptiform discharges (IED) Highest yield within 24 hours (51 vs 34%) to capture IED Range of IED is 12-27% Sleep deprivation increases yield to 23-50% Yield seems to be higher in patients < 16 yo (59 vs 39%) Pohlmann-Eden and Newton, Epilepsia 2008
20 Salinsky et al., Epilepsia 1987
21 AAN Guideline What is the risk of recurrence? Strong Evidence Moderate Evidence Krumholz et al., Neurology 2015
22 Krumholz et al., Neurology 2015
23 Patient with Juvenile Myoclonic Epilepsy
24 Lawn et al., 2015
25 AAN Guideline Moderate Evidence Moderate Evidence Krumholz et al., Neurology 2015
26 Immediate treatment of seizures reduces chance to second seizure so early remission (~2 years), but at 5 years both have same rate of seizure freedom Krumholz et al., Neurology 2015
27 What s the perfect drug?.the one that works!
28 Show me the evidence Standard and New Antiepileptic Drug-trial (SANAD) compared lamotrigine (LTG), carbamazepine (CBZ), Oxcarbazepine (OXC), Gabapentin (GBP), Topiramate (TPM) Unblinded study over 12 mths LTG had lowest incidence of treatment failure compared to all except OXC (started later in study) LaLimo trial LTG vs Levetiracetam (LEV) superiority trial (26 weeks) Partial and generalized epilepsy No difference in seizure freedom between two
29 Time from Randomization (years) Marson et al., Lancet 2007
30 Primary generalized epilepsy SANAD Trial #2 Time to treatment failure and to 12 month remission Valproic acid (VPA) was better than TPM and to LTG Avoid Carbamazepine, Oxcarbazepine, Dilantin, Gabapentin Marson et al., Lancet 2007
31 But Neurodevelopmental Effects of Antiepileptic Drugs (NEAD) study (2013) Largest prospective study examining IQ and other cognitive domains after exposure to AED At 6 yo IQ of children exposed to VPA was lower (~-8-12 pts) compared to CBZ, LTG, and PHT on verbal and non verbal tests This was a dose dependent effect and was improved if mothers were given pre-conceptual folate
32 NEAD Study (2013) Dashed lines (no folate); solid lines (with folate) Meador et al., Lancet Neuro 2013
33 <sigh> Driving
34 Driving As drivers we are bound by Ontario highway Traffic Act to obey laws Driving is a privilege not a right As physicians we are bound by law to report patients >16 yo who we feel is suffering from a condition that may make it dangerous for the person to operate a motor vehicle. Mandatory reporting: MD, Optometrist, Police Nurse practitioner: no definite legislation yet but can complete forms for reinstatement
35 Risk of seizures and driving Seizures are unpredictable, unprovoked* Increased risk with sleep deprivation, alcohol risk is assumed to be frontloaded - length of time being seizure free correlates to reduced accidents One study suggests 85% reduced chance of accident after 6 months and 93% after 12 months seizure free (but this is self reported) no good pooled data Naik et al., Epilepsy Behav 2015
36 Why report? Are all seizure same? Overall seizure with LOA / LOC risk of accident Generalized tonic clonic; Absence; Complex partial / dyscognitive Nocturnal less risk in itself, but some patients convert to diurnal so need period of stability Aura some patients quickly turn to CPS Need to see stability because auras are seizures No auras of forced head / eye deviation
37 Billing code - $36.25 allowed at 1 per 12 months PER physician
38 CMPA and the Law / Colleges CMPA reviewed 67 cases from and described three main themes Allegations of physicians who failed to report Need to discuss with patient duty to report and explain the process Complaints that a report was made Ontario legislation protects against legal action College supports physician if report was made in good faith. Complaints relating to refuse application to restore driving privilege
39 Driving pearls Don t assume someone else sent MTO form 1 st seizure generally 3 months with Assessment, imaging, EEG Epilepsy > 2 sz - 6 months no driving Commercial drivers (A/Z) usually stricter Be careful of just CC to the MTO of your letter Structural lesion ~ 6 mth Alcohol withdrawal seizure still need EEG to r/o epileptiform discharges Need proof of enrolment in program ~ 6 vs 12 mths
40 Summary Everyone who had a first seizure should be investigated with imaging and EEG (routine or sleep deprived) If suspicion of mimick, other investigations needed Careful discussion of driving Many choices for antiepileptic drugs; but the choice depends also on situation
41 Mass General Epilepsy Registry
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