The Progressive Era The Progressive Era The Ferment of Reform The Ferment of Reform

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1 The Progressive Era The Ferment of Reform What values and beliefs bound progressives together? Reforming Society How did progressives respond to the social challenges of industrializing America? Reforming Politics and Government How did progressives change American politics and government? The Progressive Era Theodore Roosevelt and the Progressive Presidency How did Theodore Roosevelt s view of the presidency shape his administration? Woodrow Wilson and Progressive Reform How did Woodrow Wilson s view of the role of government change during his presidency? The Progressive Era: Theodore Roosevelt Industrial Workers of the World Nineteenth Amendment The Ferment of Reform The Context of Reform: Industrial and Urban Tensions Church and Campus Muckrakers The Gospel of Efficiency Labor Demands Its Rights Extending the Woman s Sphere Trans-Atlantic Influences Socialism Opponents of Reform 1

2 Opponents of Reform 6 7 The Ferment of Reform Progressive Era Diverse strands of reform The Context of Reform: Industrial and Urban Tensions Depression of the 1890s Factory conditions Immigration Church and Campus Protestant ministers Social Gospel movement Liberal religious movement Scholarship Supported reform Muckrakers Muckraking Journalists Samuel S. McClure McClure s Magazine Novels Frank Norris, The Octopus Upton Sinclair, The Jungle The Gospel of Efficiency Application of scientific method to business, government, and even society Frederick Taylor Taylorization Labor Demands Its Rights 2

3 State intervention Commissions American Federation of Labor (AFL) Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) The Wobblies Extending the Woman s Sphere Addressed impact of industrialization Changes in women s roles Women s clubs General Federation of Women s Clubs New spheres National Consumers League Women s Trade Union League Trans-Atlantic Influences Americans studied in Europe Americans traveled to research reforms elsewhere Foreign lecturers in the United States Socialism Call for public ownership of production Eugene V. Debs Pullman strike Socialist Party of America Opponents of Reform Liberal direction in religion opposed Fundamentalists Muckrakers targeted by business Advertising boycotts National Association of Manufacturers Attacked unions Ludlow massacre 1914 Reforming Society Settlement Houses and Urban Reform 3

4 Settlement Houses and Urban Reform Protective Legislation for Women and Children Reshaping Public Education Challenging Gender Restrictions Reforming Country Life Moral Crusades and Social Control For Whites Only? 19 Settlement Houses and Urban Reform Hull House Chicago Jane Addams Woman s Board of Home Missions in the South Urban reform Protective Legislation for Women and Children National Child Labor Committee John Spargo, The Cry of the Children (1906) Protective legislation for women Paternalistic Some welfare legislation Workers compensation Reshaping Public Education Compulsory school attendance laws Education for assimilation Lower per capita spending in the South Native Americans Manual training Challenging Gender Restrictions New ideas about marriage and motherhood Margaret Sanger Birth control National Birth Control League

5 National Birth Control League Reforming Country Life Country Life Commission 1908 County agricultural agents Smith-Lever Act 1914 Greater integration Telephones Rural free delivery Moral Crusades and Social Control Controlling immigrants Americanization Daughters of the American Revolution Temperance movement Anti-Saloon League worked for prohibition Eighteenth Amendment 1919 Suppressing prostitution Regulating entertainment For Whites Only? Racism mixed with progressivism in the South Greater segregation in the North Black activism Booker T. Washington W. E. B. Du Bois The Niagara Movement National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) Reforming Politics and Government Woman Suffrage Electoral Reform Municipal Reform Progressive State Government 5

6 Progressive State Government 30 Woman Suffrage Suffragists Carrie Chapman Catt, Harriot Stanton Blatch National American Woman Suffrage Association Nineteenth Amendment Electoral Reform Adoption of the Australian ballot Direct primaries Political parties weakened Disfranchisement Across the country Various means Explore the Age of Progressivism on MyHistoryLab Municipal Reform Targeting corruption Political machines Ward elections replaced by at-large elections City commissions, managers Progressive State Government Direct legislation Initiative Referendum Seventeenth Amendment 1913 Recall Progressive governors Use of experts in governments Theodore Roosevelt and the Progressive Presidency TR and the Modern Presidency 6

7 TR and the Modern Presidency Roosevelt and Labor Managing Natural Resources Corporate Regulation Taft and the Insurgents TR and the Modern Presidency Roosevelt Legislative leadership Executive leadership Strong use of the media Roosevelt and Labor Mediated between United Mine Workers and mine owners Pragmatic approach Not strongly in support of labor Managing Natural Resources Better management of natural resources Conservation Division of Forestry 1905 Preservation Bureau of Reclamation Western lands Corporate Regulation Reputation for breaking trusts Only for misconduct Supported the needs of the public Targeted few larger firms Regulation Pure Food and Drug Act Meat Inspection Act Hepburn Act 43 7

8 Taft and the Insurgents Progressive measures Strong antitrust policy Sixteenth Amendment 1913 But not enough for real progressives White House scandals Reelected in 1912 Woodrow Wilson and Progressive Reform The Election of 1912 Implementing the New Freedom The Expansion of Reform The Election of 1912 Woodrow Wilson s New Nationalism Stronger state Social welfare Roosevelt s New Freedom Eugene V. Debs, Socialist Party Implementing the New Freedom Tariff reduction Underwood-Simmons Tariff Act 1913 Federal Reserve Act 1913 Regional banks under federal supervision Federal Trade Commission (FTC) The Expansion of Reform Greater support for reform after 1916 Federal Farm Loan Act 1916 Keating-Owen Act Louis Brandeis nominated to Supreme Court 50 8

9 51 Conclusion Progressivism sought solutions to the impact of industrialization and urbanization, calling for a stronger government role in social and economic life. A more activist presidency emerged from progressivism. 9

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