CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION 1 2. WEAR AND FRICTION PROPERTIES OF SURFACES 7 3. INTRODUCTION TO CORROSION 39 VII 2.1 INTRODUCTION 7 2.

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1 CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION 1 2. WEAR AND FRICTION PROPERTIES OF SURFACES INTRODUCTION ABRASIVE WEAR LOW -STRESS SCRATCHING ABRASION HIGH-STRESS GRINDING ABRASION GOUGING ABRASION ADHESIVE WEAR CASE STUDY: SOLID LUBRICANTS BLOCK-ON-RING TEST FOR SOLID LUBRICANTS FALEX PIN AND VEE BLOCK TEST FOR SOLID LUBRICANTS FATIGUE WEAR CORROSIVE WEAR EROSIVE WEAR CASE STUDY: FRETTING FRETTING AND LIFETIME EVALUATION OF ELECTRICAL CONNECTORS REFERENCES RECOMMENDED ADDITIONAL READING RELEVANT STANDARDS INTRODUCTION TO CORROSION INTRODUCTION THE POURBAIX DIAGRAM STRATEGIES FOR CORROSION PROTECTION CONVERSION COATINGS AS CORROSION PROTECTION ADDITIONAL CORROSION PROTECTION STRATEGIES TYPICAL APPEARANCE OF SURFACE CORROSION 58 VII TOC_part01_fifth_edition.indd 7 06/05/

2 Advanced Surface Technology UNIFORM CORROSION GALVANIC CORROSION CREVICE-/DEPOSIT CORROSION: FRETTING CORROSION REFERENCES RECOMMENDED ADDITIONAL READING RELEVANT STANDARDS BASIC ELECTROCHEMISTRY FOR SURFACE MODIFICATIONS INTRODUCTION BASIC ELECTROLYTIC PROCESSES HYDRATIZATION OF THE METAL ION DISSOCIATION OF THE SOLUTION INTERACTION BETWEEN DIFFERENT IONS THE LAW OF FARADAY THE ELECTROCHEMICAL DOUBLE LAYER ACTIVATION OVERPOTENTIAL, η a 4.6 CONCENTRATION OVERPOTENTIAL, η c CRYSTALLIZATION OVERPOTENTIAL, η k THE OHMIC RESISTANCE OF AN ELECTROLYTE OTHER RELEVANT FACTORS ADDITIVES FOR ELECTROPLATING REFERENCES RECOMMENDED ADDITIONAL READING RELEVANT STANDARDS INTRODUCTION TO CHEMICAL AND ELECTROCHEMICAL PROCESSES INTRODUCTION CHEMICAL/ELECTROCHEMICAL PLATING CONVERSION COATINGS CHEMICAL/ELECTROCHEMICAL POLISHING 110 VIII TOC_part01_fifth_edition.indd 8 06/05/

3 Table of Contents 5.2 ELECTROCHEMICAL PLATING OF METALS AUTOCATALYTIC PLATING ELECTROPLATABLE SUBSTRATES PRETREATMENT PROCESSES REMOVING OIL, GREASE AND DIRT IMPORTANT FACTORS IN THE CLEANING PROCESS REMOVAL OF OXIDES HYDROGEN EMBRITTLEMENT ELECTROCLEANING ANODIC ELECTROCLEANING CATHODIC ELECTROCLEANING ACTIVATION PRETREATMENT OF ALUMINUM, COPPER, COPPER ALLOYS AND STRONG OXYGEN GETTERS (E.G. CHROME) PLATING OF NON-CONDUCTIVE MATERIALS REFERENCES RECOMMENDED ADDITIONAL READING RELEVANT STANDARDS GUIDELINES FOR ELECTROCHEMICAL DEPOSITION INTRODUCTION MATERIAL DISTRIBUTION AND GEOMETRY TYPES OF OVERPOTENTIAL (POLARIZATION TYPES) IMPORTANT PARAMETERS FOR ACHIEVING GOOD MATERIAL DISTRIBUTION THE INFLUENCE OF CURRENT EFFICIENCY ON THE MATERIAL DISTRIBUTION ADDITIONAL REQUIREMENTS CONTINUOUS PLATING CONTINUOUS PLATING PLANTS REEL-TO-REEL PLATING BRUSH PLATING ENVIRONMENTAL REQUIREMENTS REFERENCES 173 IX TOC_part01_fifth_edition.indd 9 06/05/

4 Advanced Surface Technology 6.8 RECOMMENDED ADDITIONAL READING RELEVANT STANDARDS ELECTROPLATING OF ZINC INTRODUCTION CORROSION OF ZINC PROCESSES FOR ELECTROPLATING PURE ZINC CYANIDE-BASED ELECTROLYTES THE ALKALINE CYANIDE-FREE ZINC ELECTROLYTE ACID ZINC PLATING COMPARING THE DIFFERENT ZINC ELECTROLYTES ALLOY ZINC PLATING POST-TREATMENT OF ZINC CLEAR AND BLUE CHROMATES (A AND B) YELLOW CHROMATES (C) OLIVE DRAB (D) BLACK CHROMATES (E) CHROMATE-FREE CONVERSION COATINGS REFERENCES RECOMMENDED ADDITIONAL READING RELEVANT STANDARDS ELECTROLYTIC NICKEL PLATING INTRODUCTION THE DEVELOPMENT OF NICKEL PLATING THE WATTS BATH TECHNICAL ELECTROLYTES SEMI-BRIGHT ELECTROLYTES SATIN NICKEL COATINGS MECHANICAL PROPERTIES REFERENCES RECOMMENDED ADDITIONAL READING RELEVANT STANDARDS 224 X TOC_part01_fifth_edition.indd 10 06/05/

5 Table of Contents 9. ELECTROLYTIC PLATING OF COPPER INTRODUCTION THE PLATING PROCESS COPPER PLATING APPLICATIONS REFERENCES RECOMMENDED ADDITIONAL READING RELEVANT STANDARDS ELECTROLYTIC TIN PLATING INTRODUCTION THE PLATING PROCESS REFERENCES RECOMMENDED ADDITIONAL READING RELEVANT STANDARDS CHROMIUM PLATING INTRODUCTION THE CHROMIUM PLATING PROCESS REFERENCES ELECTROPLATING OF LESS COMMON METALS TO BE ADDED 13. ELECTROPLATING OF PRECIOUS METALS INTRODUCTION SILVER GOLD ALKALINE ELECTROLYTES FOR GOLD PLATING (PH ) NEUTRAL ELECTROLYTES FOR GOLD PLATING (PH 6 8.5) WEAK ACID ELECTROLYTES FOR GOLD PLATING (PH 3 6) HIGHLY ACID ELECTROLYTES FOR GOLD PLATING (PH 0.5 3) 286 XI TOC_part01_fifth_edition.indd 11 06/05/

6 Advanced Surface Technology CYANIDE-FREE GOLD BATHS OTHER PRECIOUS METALS PALLADIUM RHODIUM PLATINUM RUTHENIUM OSMIUM IRIDIUM RHENIUM REFERENCES RECOMMENDED ADDITIONAL READING RELEVANT STANDARDS ELECTROPLATING OF ALLOYS INTRODUCTION BASIC THEORY BEHIND ALLOY PLATING GROUPING BINARY ALLOYS COMMERCIALLY APPLIED ALLOYS LEAD/TIN ALLOY PLATING NICKEL/PHOSPHORUS ALLOY PLATING NICKEL/TUNGSTEN ALLOY PLATING TIN/ZINC ALLOY PLATING COPPER/TIN ALLOY PLATING NICKEL/TIN ALLOY PLATING COPPER/ZINC ALLOY PLATING NICKEL/IRON ALLOY PLATING ZINC/NICKEL ALLOY PLATING COBALT/ZINC ALLOY PLATING REFERENCES RELEVANT STANDARDS 312 XII TOC_part01_fifth_edition.indd 12 06/05/

7 Table of Contents 15. ELECTROLESS PLATING OF METALS INTRODUCTION AUTOCATALYTIC ELECTROLESS NICKEL PROCESSES INVOLVING HYPOPHOSPHITE PROCESSES INVOLVING BORON AND HYDRAZINE CONDUCTING THE ELECTROLESS NICKEL PROCESS HARDENING OF ELECTROLESS NICKEL COATINGS SELECTION OF ELECTROLESS NICKEL STRESS IN ELECTROLESS NICKEL COATINGS ELECTRIC AND MAGNETIC PROPERTIES DISPERSION PLATING OTHER ELECTROLESS PLATING PROCESSES ELECTROLESS GOLD PLATING ELECTROLESS SILVER PLATING ELECTROLESS PALLADIUM PLATING ELECTROLESS TIN PLATING ELECTROLESS PLATING OF BRONZE (LIQUOR FINISHING) REFERENCES RELEVANT STANDARDS CHEMICAL AND ELECTROCHEMICAL POLISHING INTRODUCTION METALS SUITABLE FOR POLISHING THE MECHANISM OF ELECTROPOLISHING CURRENT/POLARIZATION CONDITIONS DURING POLISHING OXYGEN DEVELOPMENT DURING ELECTROPOLISHING ELECTROPOLISHING STAINLESS STEEL ELECTROPOLISHING OF WELDINGS ADDITIONAL APPLICATIONS FOR ELECTROPOLISHING CHEMICAL POLISHING CHEMICAL POLISHING OF ALUMINIUM REFERENCES 361 XIII TOC_part01_fifth_edition.indd 13 06/05/

8 Advanced Surface Technology 17. CONVERSION COATINGS INTRODUCTION ANODIZING OF ALUMINUM AREAS OF APPLICATION THE BASE MATERIAL THE ANODIZING PROCESS COLORING OF ANODIZED ALUMINUM SPECIAL PROCESSES HARD ANODIZING CHROME ACID ANODIZING PLASMA ELECTROLYTIC OXIDATION INTERFERENCE COLORS FROM OXIDE GROWTH INTERFERENCE COLORS ON TITANIUM INTERFERENCE COLORS ON STAINLESS STEEL FUNDAMENTAL MECHANISM OF THIN-FILM INTERFERENCE CHEMICAL CONVERSION COATINGS CHROMATING OF ALUMINUM PHOSPHATING OF STEEL REFERENCES RECOMMENDED ADDITIONAL READING RELEVANT STANDARDS INTRODUCTION TO GAS-PHASE AND PLASMA PROCESSES INTRODUCTION PLASMA PROCESSES PARTICLE ENERGIES AND TEMPERATURES THE MEAN FREE PATH BETWEEN COLLISIONS INTERACTION BETWEEN ELECTRON AND MOLECULES THE SHIELDING EFFECT OF A PLASMA INTERACTIONS BETWEEN A PLASMA AND THE SURROUNDINGS DC-PLASMA A SIMPLE EXAMPLE A CLOSER LOOK AT THE DC-PLASMA 444 XIV TOC_part01_fifth_edition.indd 14 06/05/

9 Table of Contents OTHER TYPES OF DIODE PLASMAS OTHER PROCESSES POWER SUPPLIES FOR DC-PLASMA PLASMA CHARACTERIZATION LANGMUIR-PROBE OPTICAL EMISSION-SPECTROSCOPY REFERENCES PHYSICAL VAPOR DEPOSITION INTRODUCTION NON-REACTIVE PVD PROCESSES EVAPORATION SPUTTERING DIFFERENT COMBINATION POSSIBILITIES FOR NON-REACTIVE PVD PROCESSES REACTIVE PVD PROCESSES DIFFERENT COMBINATION POSSIBILITIES FOR REACTIVE PVD PROCESSES REACTIVE EVAPORATION REACTIVE SPUTTERING PROCESSES STRUCTURAL MODELS FOR VACUUM-BASED COATINGS THE QUALITY OF THE DEPOSITED COATING 475 INDEX 477 THE AUTHORS 487 XV TOC_part01_fifth_edition.indd 15 06/05/

10 Advanced Surface Technology XVI TOC_part01_fifth_edition.indd 16 06/05/