Group 1 - The Alkali Metals

Transcription

1 3 Li Lithium Group 1 - The Alkali Metals THE GROUP 1 ELEMENTS ARE SHINY, SOFT, AND HIGHLY REACTIVE METALS, NONE OF WHICH OCCUR NATURALLY AS FREE ELEMENTS 11 Na Sodium 19 K Potassium 37 Rb Rubidium 55 Cs Caesium 87 Fr Francium MELTING POINTS 0 Li Na K C 97.7 C 63.4 C 0 Rb Cs Fr C 28.4 C 27.0 C K A L L G R O U P 1 M E TA L S ONE VALENCE ELECT RON THE REACTIVITY GROUP 1 METALS INCREASES DOWN THE GROUP A S T H E OU T E R E L E C T R O N G E T S F U R T H E R F R O M T H E N U C L E U S & BECOMES EASIER TO REMOVE T H E A L K A L I M E T A L S W A T E R T O F O R M METAL HYDROXIDES LiOH NaOH KOH RbOH CsOH A L K A L I M E T A L S METAL OXIDES A L K A L I M E T A L S HALOGENS TO FORM IONIC SALTS Na + Cl - Na + Cl - Cl - Na + Cl - Na + Na + Cl - Na + Cl - Cl - Na + Cl - Na + U S E S O F T H E A L K A L I M E T A L S LITHIUM SODIUM POTASSIUM RUBIDIUM & CAESIUM ANTI DEPRESSANTS BATTERIES STREET LAMPS TABLE SALT FERTILISERS SOAPS ATOMIC CLOCKS FRANCIUM 2013 COMPOUND INTEREST -

2 4 Be Beryllium Group 2 - The Alkaline Earth Metals THE GROUP 2 ELEMENTS ARE SHINY, SILVERY-WHITE, AND SOMEWHAT REACTIVE METALS, SOME OF WHICH OCCUR NATURALLY AS FREE ELEMENTS 12 Mg Magnesium 20 Ca Calcium 38 Sr Strontium 56 Ba Barium 88 Ra Radium MELTING POINTS Be Mg Ca C 650 C 839 C Sr Ba Ra C 725 C 700 C Ca A L L G R O U P 2 M E TA L S TWO VALENCE ELECTRONS THE REACTIVITY GROUP 2 METALS INCREASES DOWN THE GROUP A S T H E OU T E R E L E C T R O N S G E T F U R T H E R F R O M T H E N U C L E U S & BECOME EASIER TO REMOVE THEY ARE LESS REACTIVE THAN GROUP 1 T H E A L K A L I N E E A R T H M E TA L S REACT WITH WATER TO FORM METAL HYDROXIDES... GROUP 2 METALS METAL OXIDES G R O U P 2 M E TA L S HALOGENS TO FORM METAL HALIDES BERYLLIUM MAGNESIUM CALCIUM STRONTIUM BARIUM EMERALDS TELESCOPE MIRRORS M(OH) 2 USES ALKALINE EARTH METALS ALLOY WHEELS FLARES BONES R A D I U M BLACKBOARD CHALK E X C E P T FIREWORKS TREATING OSTEOPOROSIS FOR Be W H I C H H A S A P R O T E C T I V E O X I D E L A Y E R P R E V E N T I N G R E A C T I O N RADIUM IS A E L E M E N T WHICH USED TO BE USED TO MAKE G L O W I N T H E DARK PAINT RAT POISON GLASSMAKING

3 The Transition Metals A LARGE GROUP OF METALS IN THE CENTRE PERIODIC TABLE, THEY ARE LESS REACTIVE THAN THE GROUP 1 & 2 METALS, AND HIGH MELTING POINTS & DENSITIES 21 Sc Scandium 22 Ti Titanium 23 V Vanadium 24 Cr Chromium 25 Mn Manganese 26 Fe Iron 27 Co Cobalt 28 Ni Nickel 29 Cu Copper 30 Zn Zinc 39 Y Yttrium 40 Zr Zirconium 41 Nb Niobium 42 Mo Molybdenum 43 Tc Technetium 44 Ru Ruthenium 45 Rh Rhodium 46 Pd Palladium 47 Ag Silver 48 Cd Cadmium 72 Hf Hafnium 73 Ta Tantalum 74 W Tungsten 75 Re Rhenium 76 Os Osmium 77 Ir Iridium 78 Pt Platinum 79 Au Gold 80 Hg Mercury 3422 C TUNGSTEN HAS THE HIGHEST MELTING POINT OF ANY M E T A L L I C E L E M E N T TRANSITION METALS FORM Co 2+ Cr 3+ Fe 3+ Fe 2+ Cu 2+ Mn 7+ Mn 2+ Ni 2+ C O L O U R E D C O M P O U N D S N S THERE ARE THREE MAGNETIC METALS IRON, COBALT AND NICKEL MERCURY IS THE ONLY LIQUID METAL AT ROOM TEMPERATURE Hg UNLIKE GROUP 1 & 2 METALS TRANSITION METALS CAN FORM CO-ORDINATION COMPLEXES WITH OTHER ATOMS & MOLECULES TRANSITION METALS VARIOUS OXIDATION STATES M A N G A N E S E H A S T E N P O S S I B L E OXIDATION STATES C O P P E R, S I L V E R & G O L D ARE KNOWN AS THE C O I N A G E M E T A L S Cu Ag Au

4 9 F Fluorine Group 7 - The Halogens GROUP 7 IS THE ONLY GROUP THAT CONTAINS ELEMENTS IN ALL THREE STATES OF MATTER. THEY ARE ALL REACTIVE NON-METALS 17 Cl Chlorine 35 Br Bromine 53 I Iodine 85 At Astatine 117 Uus Ununseptium IODINE & ASTATINE SOLIDS AT ROOM TEMPERATURE Cl BROMINE LIQUID AT ROOM TEMPERATURE FLUORINE & CHLORINE GASES AT ROOM TEMPERATURE ALL GROUP 7 ELEMENTS SEVEN VALENCE ELECTRONS THE REACTIVITY HALOGENS DECREASES DOWN THE GROUP A S I T B E C O M E S H A R D E R T O A D D A N E L E C T R O N 1 GRAM ESTIMATED T H E HALOGENS ALL FORM DIATOMIC MOLECULES EXCEPT FOR ASTATINE AMOUNT OF ASTATINE IN THE EARTH S CRUST AT ANY ONE TIME HALOGEN OXIDES METALS TO FORM METAL HALIDES HYDROFLUORIC ACID LEACHES CALCIUM FROM BONES AND CAN CAUSE VERY PAINFUL BURNS I T A L S O DISSOLVES G L A S S FLUORINE CHLORINE BROMINE IODINE TOOTHPASTE REFRIDGERANT GASES U S E S O F T H E H A L O G E N S BLEACH CHEMICAL WARFARE ARE USED AS OXIDISING AGENTS WHILST HALIDE IONS ARE USED AS REDUCING AGENTS F 2 I - FIRE RETARDANT MATERIALS IONS DISINFECTANTS

5 2 He Helium Group 8 - The Noble Gases THE GROUP 8 ELEMENTS ARE ALL ODOURLESS, COLOURLESS, MONOATOMIC GASES WITH A VERY LOW CHEMICAL REACTIVITY 10 Ne Neon 18 Ar Argon 36 Kr Krypton 54 Xe Xenon 86 Rn Radon BOILING POINTS NEON Ar ARGON KRYPTON XENON T H E NOBLE GASES ARE ALL MONOATOMIC AND RARELY FORM COMPOUNDS ALL GROUP 8 ELEMENTS A FULL OUTER SHELL OF ELECTRONS THE GROUP 8 ELEMENTS ARE V E R Y U N R E A C T I V E AS THEY ALREADY A FULL VALENCE ELECTRON SHELL -269 C RADON H A S T H E LOWEST BOILING POINT O F A L L E L E M E N T S I N THE PERIODIC TABLE THE COLOURS IN NEON SIGNS ARE CAUSED BY IONISED NOBLE GASES He Ne Ar Kr Xe H He O 75% 23% 1% I S T H E SECOND MOST ABUNDANT ELEMENT IN THE UNIVERSE R A D O N I S AND CAN ENTER HOMES THROUGH BASEMENTS AFTER DECAY OF ROCKS BELOW THE EARTH U S E S O F T H E N O B L E G A S E S NEON ARGON KRYPTON XENON BALLOONS NEON NEON LIGHTS REFRIGERANT MEDICAL LASERS LIGHT BULBS CAMERA FLASHES 222 Rn MEDICAL IMAGING