The Atmosphere in Motion

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2 The Atmosphere in Motion A Video Lesson from Exploring Weather A Unit of Study Teacher s Guide catalog #2383 Video Production, Scripts, Teacher s Guide: Consultant: Severe Storm Footage: Television Meteorologist: John Colgren James Vavrek Spohn School Weather Station Hammond, Indiana Gene Rhoden Roy Britt Robert Prentice Alan Sealls WGN-TV, Chicago Published & Distributed by AGC/UNITED LEARNING 1560 Sherman Avenue Suite 100 Evanston, IL Hour Fax No Website: info@agcunited.com

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5 THE ATMOSPHERE IN MOTION A Video Lesson from EXPLORING WEATHER A Unit of Study Time: 20 minutes INTRODUCTION This video is designed for use in grades 5 through 9. It introduces students to the major ideas and concepts associated with the study of weather. The sun and moisture are shown to be the driving forces behind our planet s weather. PROGRAM OBJECTIVES After viewing the video and participating in various activities, the students should be able to achieve the following objectives: Identify the sun and moisture as the driving forces behind weather. Recognize how weather influences our lives. Identify that air masses form over different regions and take on characteristics of those regions. SUMMARY OF THE VIDEO The weather is driven by two very important things: the sun and moisture. The sun is the source of almost all the energy used on earth. Energy from the sun warms the planet, causes winds, snowstorms, and even rain. The sun is at the center of our planet s water cycle. The tilt of the earth is responsible for the seasonal changes we experience. Air masses develop over areas of the planet. The air masses have different moisture content depending upon where they form. Over the water, the air masses collect a lot of moisture. Over land, the air masses are dry. Air masses move from location to location. INTRODUCING THE VIDEO Weather affects our daily lives from what we wear to even how we feel. The earth s weather is driven by the energy of the sun. This energy is the force behind the water cycle which puts moisture into the atmosphere. FOLLOW-UP ACTIVITIES 1. Layers of the Atmosphere is provided as additional information concerning the atmosphere. 2. Warm Air Rises is an experiment to show that warm air rises. 3

6 3. Slanted Rays is an experiment designed to show the difference between slanted and direct rays of sunlight. 4. Heating of the Earth is an experiment designed to illustrate how the slant of sunlight affects the area illuminated by a flashlight. 5. Ice, Water, and Steam is an experiment set up to show the temperature changes that occur when water changes from a solid to a liquid and then a gas. 6. Distance and Radiant Energy is an experiment used to determine how distance from the source of radiant energy affects temperature. 7. Warming and Cooling of Different Substances compares soil, sand, and water with respect to their ability to warm up and cool down. DISCUSSION Discuss how the earth is heated unevenly and how the earth s tilt and rotation provide us with seasonal changes. Illustrate this further using a filmstrip projector as the sun. Position the filmstrip projector in the center of the room and put a student in charge of turning the light toward a globe which you hold while moving in a large circle around the sun. Put the globe at a 24 degree tilt to represent the earth s tilt. Keep the globe tilted in the same direction as you move around the sun. Ask the class to determine what season is represented at each of the four corners of the earth. ANSWER KEY LAYERS OF THE ATMOSPHERE Information sheet. WARM AIR RISES Observations: 1. The balance moves up on the side where the candle heat rises into the bag. 2. Student drawing. Conclusions: The bag above the candle moves up after the warm air from the candle rises into the bag. The imbalance of the bags shows that the warm air is lighter. SLANTED RAYS Observations: The paper on the ground should feel warmer. Be sure this experiment is performed close to noon with the sun overhead. Conclusion: The paper on the ground receives more direct rays of sunlight. The other paper is at a slant; the rays are spread out. 4

7 HEATING OF THE EARTH Observations: The answers will vary depending on the size of the graph paper and the height of the flashlight. However, the slanted flashlight rays will cover more squares than the light from the flashlight held directly above the graph paper. Conclusions: 1. The light from the slanted flashlight covers more area than the direct flashlight. 2. The direct flashlight would produce greater heat because the same energy is concentrated into a smaller area. ICE, WATER AND STEAM Observation: While ice is present, the temperature will stay very close to zero. When the ice is gone, the temperature will rise until it reaches 100 degrees Celsius. Then, while boiling occurs, the temperature will remain near 100 Celsius. Conclusions: 1. Ice melts at 0 Celsius. 2. Water boils at 100 Celsius. 3. While the ice is melting, the temperature will remain constant, for the heat energy is being used to change the state of ice from a solid to a liquid. DISTANCE AND RADIANT ENERGY Students should find that the temperatures vary as you move away from the source of heat. The closest thermometer will have higher temperature readings. WARMING AND COOLING OF DIFFERENT SUBSTANCES Students should discover that the soil and sand warm up faster than the water, but the water retains the heat longer. SCRIPT OF VIDEO PRESENTATION THE ATMOSPHERE IN MOTION We live at the bottom of an ocean Not an ocean of water, But an ocean of gases we call our atmosphere. The atmosphere is a mixture of gases, liquids, and even tiny suspended solids. It is 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, and the final 1% is made up of eighteen other gases including water vapor, neon, argon, 5

8 carbon dioxide, helium, hydrogen, methane, krypton, ozone, ammonia, and iodine. There are also foreign substances in the air such as industrial smoke, dust, waste gases from cars and trucks, volcanic ash, and a fine rain of meteoric sediment from space. The atmosphere extends hundreds of miles above the earth s surface but it is thickest in the lowest level near the surface called the troposphere. This is where all our weather occurs. This is also where we live. Weather is driven by two things. The sun and moisture. Let's look at how the sun affects weather first. The sun is the source of almost all the energy used on earth. Energy from the sun warms the earth and provides us with light. Energy from the sun causes winds. Energy from the sun causes snow. Even rain is caused by the sun s energy. The energy from the sun that reaches earth is only a very small amount of the energy released every second by the sun. The sun s energy goes out in all directions. Yet that energy is enough to heat our planet and maintain life forms. The energy from the sun is called solar energy or solar radiation. Heat and light may be the most obvious forms of radiant energy, but there are others present which are invisible to our senses. The energy from the sun comes to earth in the form of electromagnetic waves called radiation. A small part of the sun s energy that comes in contact with the earth s atmosphere is reflected back into space when it hits dust and water particles. Some of the radiant energy is scattered throughout the atmosphere. Harmful gamma rays, x-rays and some of the ultraviolet rays are not allowed through the atmosphere. We are protected from these harmful rays by the filtering effect of the atmosphere. About 10 to 30 6

9 miles above the earth is the naturally occurring ozone layer, which absorbs much of the sun s ultraviolet radiation. It shields us from these harmful rays. Part of the sun s energy reaches the earth s surface where it is absorbed or reflected. How much energy is absorbed depends on the type of surface the energy strikes, the angle of the sun, and the intensity of the sunlight. Snow and ice reflect radiant energy, while soil and rocks tend to absorb energy. Think of how hot an asphalt parking lot can get on a warm, clear, sunny day. Or have you ever touched a car that has sat in the hot summer sunlight all day? Dark objects, like the asphalt and dark colored objects like the car, can absorb a lot of energy. Heat moves from one place to another by one of these three methods. Radiation is heat transfer by electromagnetic waves. When standing in front of a fireplace, the side facing the fire is warmed, while the other side of a person s body seems cool. Conduction transfers heat by contact. Transfer is always from warmer to colder regions. A spoon becomes hot to the touch while sitting in boiling soup because of conduction. The third method of heat transfer is convection. Convection is the transfer of heat through a fluid caused by motions which mix and transport energy. Look at the noodles moving about in this pot of heated water. Together, all three forms of heat transfer work to circulate energy in the atmosphere. Heat energy from the sun, in the form of radiant energy, travels through space by radiation. 7

10 The radiant energy warms the surface of the earth. Air near the earth is heated by conduction. The heated air expands and becomes less dense than the surrounding cooler air. This expanded warm air is buoyed upward and rises. Cooler, heavier air flows in to replace the rising air. Then, this cooler air becomes heated and the whole cycle starts again. The movement from rising air, to spreading out, to falling cool air, creates wind. This circulates energy throughout the atmosphere. Temperatures around the earth vary greatly. Temperatures at the North and South poles are much lower than the temperatures at the equator. This occurs because of the earth s tilt--the angle of the earth to the sun. The earth spins on an imaginary axis. The earth is tilted on its axis at an angle of 23.5 degrees. This tilt is responsible for our seasons and the temperature differences. When the Northern Hemisphere is tilted away from the sun, then the Southern Hemisphere is tilted towards the sun. So the Northern Hemisphere receives less radiant energy and experiences winter, while the Southern Hemisphere has summer. The number of hours of sunlight help to determine how much radiant energy is absorbed by the earth s surface. When tilted away from the sun, there are fewer hours of sunlight. The other thing that influences the amount of energy is the angle of the sun s rays. We can illustrate this idea with a flashlight and some graph paper. When the light strikes the paper at a 90 degree angle, the light is concentrated. When the flashlight is at an angle, a larger area is covered by the light. This same amount of light is then spread out over a larger area so less of it strikes any given point. The same thing happens with the rays of sunlight. At the equator, the rays are more direct than at other locations. Temperatures near the equator are warm throughout the year So, the length of daylight and the angle at which the sun s radiant energy strikes the earth changes from day to day and season to season. 8

11 The earth is divided into climate zones based on the amount of radiant energy received by regions of the earth. Climate is the average weather conditions of an area--daily and seasonal weather events over an extended period of time. Remember, there are two driving forces that affect weather: the sun and moisture. Let's look at moisture now. Water vapor is an important part of the earth s atmosphere. Water vapor is the gaseous form of water. To understand how the moisture or water vapor gets into the air you must understand the water cycle. The amount of water on our planet is a finite amount. Though three-fourths of the surface is covered by water, only 3% of the earth s water is fresh water. For billions of years the earth s water has been recycling through a process called the water cycle. The cycle is powered by energy from the sun. Heat energy causes water in the oceans, lakes and soil to evaporate. The heat causes molecules to move faster and farther apart. The liquid water may change to a gaseous state called water vapor and rise into the atmosphere. Moisture is also added to the atmosphere when plants release water vapor from their leaves in a process called transpiration. As the water vapor rises in the atmosphere and cools, clouds begin to form. If cooling continues, the water vapor may condense into water droplets or ice crystals. As the cooling continues, the water returns to the earth as precipitation. This precipitation is fresh water because when ocean water or tainted water evaporates, only fresh water vapor is released. Other particles, such as salts, are too heavy to evaporate. So through the water cycle, moisture is added to the atmosphere and ultimately water is recycled so that we have fresh water. Much of the earth s fresh water is found as ice and snow. Now let's turn our attention to how weather systems move from place to place. 9

12 Watch weather reports for a few days and you will probably see weather systems move from one location to another. Weather conditions change from day to day because of the movement of air masses. An air mass is a large body of air that takes on characteristics and conditions similar to the area that the air mass forms over. Air masses can form over land or over water, and either in polar regions or in the tropics. Here is a map that shows the common air masses that affect the weather for the continental United States. Air masses take on the characteristics of the area in which they form. The continental polar air mass would be cold, dry air. The air mass over water in the tropics is moist, warm air. Air masses forming over water are moist and air masses forming over land are dry. Air masses move from one location to another because of wind. Wind is air in motion. It is put into motion by the energy of the sun. Some parts of the earth are heated more than others by the sun. The air above these hot spots is warmed and rises because it is less dense than surrounding air. Here is a simple demonstration that shows why warm air is less dense than cold air. A small amount of air is blown into the balloon and then the balloon is stretched over the mouth of the bottle. As the air in the balloon and bottle is heated, the balloon expands. Air molecules move faster and more vigorously when heated. Because of this increased energy and motion, the molecules bounce around and move farther away from each other. The balloon expands as a result of this activity. Warm air is less dense than cold air because the molecules of warm air spread out and require more room than molecules of cold air. Air molecules are held close to the earth by gravity. If we weigh a column of air one inch square from sea level to the top of the atmosphere, it weighs almost 14.7 pounds. If more air molecules are packed into the column, the weight goes up and the pressure increases; so cold, dense air has greater pressure than warm air, which is less dense. Winds always move from areas of high pressure into areas of low pressure. So, cold, dense air moves to the low pressure areas of warm air. 10

13 On a weather map, there are areas identified with an H for high pressure and areas marked with an L for low pressure. The thin lines on the map are called isobars. They connect weather stations with the same pressure readings. The numbers are in special units called millibars of pressure. On a warm summer day at the beach you may have felt a cooling breeze. This happens because the land heats up faster than the water. As the air above the heated land rises, then the cool air over the water moves in to replace it. At night the opposite happens--the water holds onto the heat longer than the land, so the air above the water is heated and rises as cool air above the land sinks and moves out from the land to the water. The sea breeze winds only affect a small region. The air above the equator is heated and forced upwards by the colder, denser air that moves in underneath it. The warmer air moves towards the North Pole while cooler air from the North Pole moves south. If the earth didn t rotate, this movement of warm air north and cold air south would be the circulation pattern for our planet in the Northern Hemisphere. In the Southern Hemisphere, the warm air of the equator would rise and move south toward the South Pole while the cold air of the South Pole would move north. However, the earth does rotate and as a result, winds are bent to the right north of the equator and to the left south of the equator. This is called the Coriolis effect and it can be illustrated by thinking of a rocket launched from the North Pole toward New York City. Because the earth spins, the rocket would land in Chicago. We will use this turntable to illustrate the Coriolis effect. If the marble is released, it rolls across the turntable in a straight line. However, if the turntable is moving, the marble curves to the right. As the heated air from the equator rises high into the atmosphere, it moves towards the poles. As this air moves away from the equator, it cools and sinks. When it reaches the surface again, some of it moves back toward the equator and some continues to move toward the poles. As a result of this air movement, a series of prevailing winds are formed. As you can see, the continental United States is affected by the prevailing westerlies. Weather moves generally from the west to the east in the United States. 11

14 Local weather is brought into an area by the prevailing winds. The weather conditions depend on the characteristics of the air mass that is moved by the prevailing winds. When air masses meet, a boundary forms between the air masses. The masses don t mix, but instead, one mass pushes the other along. This boundary is called a front. A cold front forms when a cold air mass pushes a warm air mass. Because the cold air is denser than the warm air, the warm air is pushed up quickly. As the warm air rises quickly, the moisture in the warm air cools and condenses. The water vapor changes to tiny drops of liquid water. Clouds form as a result of this cooling. The clouds that form are usually cumulus clouds. The size of the clouds depend on the amount of moisture present in the warm air mass. Precipitation is often heavy along a cold front. It may not last long, but it is generally a heavy rain with increased wind speed. Thunderstorms are common along cold fronts. During the winter, snowstorms and blizzards may occur along a cold front, depending on the temperature differential and the amount of available moisture. A warm front occurs when a warm air mass pushes a cold air mass. The warm air moves up and over the cold front. Notice that the movement of the warm air over the cold is at a much more gradual slope than at a cold front. The warm air does not rise as fast as it does in a cold front so the clouds that form are different. They are thinner and spread out over a greater area. These clouds are called stratus. These high clouds are a sign that a warm front is approaching. A warm front moves through an area much slower than a cold front. The clouds associated with warm fronts are thick, low clouds that produce a steady light rain. This may last for a day or more. Sometimes the boundary between a cold and warm air mass doesn t move. In that case, it is referred to as a stationary front. Sometimes when a cold front is overtaking a warm front, the warm front is actually lifted above the ground. This may create drastic temperature changes and violent weather. This type of rare front is called an occluded front. So air masses moving from areas of high pressure to areas of low pressure bring weather from one location to another. Air masses take 12

15 on the characteristics of the areas over which they form. As air masses make contact with each other, warm and cold fronts are formed. Clouds and precipitation may result. 13

16 AGC/United Learning 1560 Sherman Avenue, Suite 100 Evanston, Illinois (800) , Fax (847) The Atmosphere in Motion Exploring Weather-A Unit of Study Catalog #2383 ISBN No

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