THE WHOLE INTERNET USER'S GUIDE & CATALO G. ED Krol SECOND EDITION

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1 THE WHOLE INTERNET USER'S GUIDE & CATALO G SECOND EDITION ED Krol

2

3 PREFACE Audience Approaching This Book Conventions Acknowledgments XiX xxi xxi i xxii i xxii i CHAPTER ON E WHAT IS THIS BOOK ABOUT? 1 Something for Everyone 2 What You Will Learn 3 What If I Don't Know UNIX? 5 What You Need 6 What an Internet Connection Means 7 Getting Connected? 9 How This Book Is Organized 10 CHAPTERTWO WHAT IS THE INTERNET?,1 3 What Makes Up the Internet? 1 5 Who Governs the Internet? 16 Who Pays for It? 17 What Does This Mean for Me? 1 7 What Does the Future Hold? 1 8 New Standard Protocols 1 8 International Connections 1 8 Commercialization 1 9 Privatization 19

4 CHAPTERTHRE E HOW THE INTERNET WORKS 2 3 Moving Bits From One Place to Another 2 3 Packet Switched Networks 24 The Internet Protocol (IP) 2 4 The Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) 2 7 Other Transmission Protocols 2 8 Making the Network Friendly 2 9 Applications 2 9 The Domain Name System 3 0 The Domain System Structure 3 0 Domain Name Lookup 3 2 Domain Name System Hints 33 CHAPTERFOU R WHAT'S ALLOWED ON THE INTERNET? 35 Legal Implications 3 5 Research, Education, and the Federal Dollar 3 6 Commercial Use 3 7 Export Laws 3 7 Property Rights 3 8 Politics and the Internet 3 9 Network Ethics 4 0 Individualism 4 0 Protecting the Internet 4 1 Ethics and the Private Commercial Internet 4 2 Security Consciousness 43 Passwords 4 5 Importing Software 46 Misconfigured Software 47

5 System Software Flaws 47 What If My Computer Is Violated? 47 CHAPTERFIVE REMOTE LOGIN 49 Simple TELNET 5 0 What's Really Going On 5 1 TELNET Command Mode 5 2 Non-standard TELNET Servers 5 5 TELNET to Non-standard Ports 5 6 Mimicking Alternate Clients 58 TELNETting to IBM Mainframes 58 CHAPTERSIX MOVING FILES : FTP 65 Getting Started With FTP 66 Common Problems 68 Browsing on a Remote Machine 6 9 Directories in FTP 7 3 ASCII and Binary Transfers 7 4 Transferring Multiple Files 7 7 FTP Command Summary 7 9 Anonymous FTP 8 1 Handling Large Files and Groups of Files 8 3 Compressed Files 8 3 Moving a Whole Directory 8 5 Shell archives 88 Other archival utilities 89 Special Notes on Various Systems 89 Target: Digital Equipment VMS Systems 90 Target: MS-DOS Systems 93 Target: IBM VM Systems 94

6 Target: Macintosh 96 Last Words: Some Practical Advice 97 CHAPTER SEVEN ELECTRONIC MAIL 10 1 When Is Electronic Mail Useful? 10 1 Hints for Writing Electronic Mail 104 How Electronic Mail Works 105 It's All in the Address 106 Acquiring Electronic Mail Addresses 110 Choosing an Package 110 The UNIX Mail Program 11 1 Reading Your Mail 112 Sending Messages 114 A Shopping List of Features 11 5 Universally Supported Features 11 5 Aliasing 11 6 Folders 11 6 Forwarding 11 7 Inclusion of Text Files 11 9 Mailing Lists 119 Reply 120 Commonly Supported Features 12 1 Carbon copies 12 1 Blind carbon copies 122 Signature files 122 Unusual and Non-standard Features 123 Attaching documents 123 Notification of receipt 123 Notification of reading 123 Message cancel 123 Sending Binary Data as ASCII 124 MIME: Multi-purpose Internet Mail Extensions 126 What MIME Does 127 Pine: A MIME Example 129 When Electronic Mail Gets Returned 132 Unknown Hosts 133

7 Unknown Recipients 13 5 Mail Can't Be Delivered 136 Failures Involving Multiple Recipients 137 Last Ditch Help 137 Mail Lists and Reflectors 138 Dropping Your Subscription 140 Moderators and List Etiquette 14 2 File Retrieval Using Electronic Mail 14 3 Internet-style Servers 14 3 Listserv-style Requests 144 Listserv file retrieval commands 144 Majordomo file retrieval 14 5 Almanac file retrieval 14 5 The FTPmail Application Gateway 14 6 Other FTPmail Servers 147. N"1'Pmail to IEUnet 14 8 BITFTP 148 Taking a Break 14 8 CHAPTER EIGHT NETWORK NEWS 15 1 Newsgroups and News System Organization 15 3 Getting Started 157 Setting Up nn 158 Reading News 160 What Is a News Item? 160 Using a Newsreader 160 Steering a Newsreader 16 3 Saving News Articles 165 Controlling What You Read 166 Subscribing and unsubscribing 166 Killing and auto-selecting items 167 Catching Up 169 rot Posting Articles 17 1 Adding to an Existing Discussion 17 1 Starting a New Discussion 173 Replying via 175

8 Other Hints and Conventions 17 5 Summary of nn Commands and Features 17 6 Command-line Options 17 7 Some Selection Mode Commands 17 8 Some Reading Mode Commands 179 A Philosophically Different Newsreader : tin 18 0 Following Up and Posting 18 4 Quitting tin 18 5 CHAPTER NINE FINDING FILES 187 How Archie Works 188 Contacting Archie 189 Using Archie With Telnet 19 1 Searching by Filename 19 2 Controlling Filename Matching 19 5 Controlling a Search Geographically 196 Searching the Descriptive Index 198 Other Archie Commands 199 Archie Configuration Variables 200 Using Archie by Electronic Mail 20 1 Archie Using a Client 203 Post-processing Archie Output 204 Archie Under the X Window System 20 5 CHAPTER TE N FINDING SOMEONE 209 Why Isn't There a Single Internet Directory? 210 Mobile Users 210 Standards 21 1 Security and Privacy 21 1 CSO Directories 212 Finding a User on a Specific System 212 Finger as a general information server 214 When finger fails 21 5 Whois 215

9 The USENET User List 21 9 X.500 Directory Services 22 1 Native X X.500 access 22 3 Knowbot Information Service 22 7 Netfind 22 9 CHAPTER ELEVEN TUNNELING THROUGH THE INTERNET: GOPHER 233 The Internet Gopher 234 Finding a Gopher Client 236 How Gopher Works 238 Finding Internet Resources 238 Looking at Text Files 240 Moving to Other Servers 242 Index Searches 244 Searching for Things in Menus 247 Basic Veronica 247 Advanced Veronica 25 0 Jughead-the searcher you never see 25 1 White-pages Servers 25 1 Gopher index white-pages searches 25 2 CSO directory searches 25 2 FIT Through Gopher 256 Using Telnet Through Gopher 259 Remembering Where You Are With Bookmarks 26 1 Pointing to Another Server 263 Gopher Development 263 Other Gopher Clients 264 A Last Word 264 CHAPTER TWELVE SEARCHING INDEXED DATABASES : WAIS 265 How WAIS Works 266 Getting Access 268 Formulating a WAIS Search 269

10 Finding a library 270 Asking your question 273 Refining a Search 27 5 When Searches Don't Go as Planned 276 Public WAIS Clients 27 7 Adding Sources 28 2 New Sources That Aren't in the Directory-of-Servers 28 3 Building Your Own Sources 28 5 CHAP'T'ER THIRTEEN THE WORLD WIDE WEB 287 Getting Started 289 The Web and Gopher 29 1 Navigating the Web With www 293 Navigating the Web With xmosaic 294 Getting Started 295 Searching Through a Document 300 Saving and Printing Files 300 Advanced Navigation 302 Using the hotlist 302 Window history 304 Working with multiple windows 304 Making Annotations 305 Working With Other Services 306 Searchable Indexes 306 Gopher and FTP Servers 308 Using TELNET Servers 310 Using WAIS Servers 310 The WAIS Directory of Servers 313 Reading Network News 314 Going Outside the Web 314 Opening other resources 31 5 Uniform Resource Locators 31 5 Setting Up Your Own Home Page 317 Hints for Mosaic Users 318 Cancelling 31 8 Minimizing Delays While Loading Images 318 Getting the Big Picture-or the Big Sound 319

11 Keyboard Shortcuts 32 0 When Things Go Wrong 32 1 Where the Web is Going 32 1 Other Kinds of Documents 32 1 Making Your Own Links 32 1 Creating Hypertext Documents 32 2 How Can I Help? 32 2 CHAPTERFOURTEEN OTHER APPLICATIONS 32 5 The R Commands 32 5 Security and Validation 326 Remote Login 327 Escape sequences 329 Moving Files 329 Distributing Files 33 1 X Windows 333 Disk and File Sharing 335 Time Services 337 FAX Over the Internet 338 Conversations With Others 339 Talking 340 Chats 34 1 Ytalk 34 2 Internet Relay Chat 34 2 Games 34 6 The Uncategorizable : MUDs 34 7 Audio and Video 34 9 Robotic Librarians 35 0 CHAPTERFIFTEE N DEALING WITH PROBLEMS 35 1 The Ground Rules 35 2 Gather Baseline Information 354 The Battleplan 35 5 Know the Hours of Operation 355

12 Read the Error Message 356 Did You Change Anything? 358 Try a Different Destination 358 Try Your Neighbor's System 359 Try to Reach a Local System 359 Look Around Your Office 359 Check Your Local Connection 360 Dial-up connections 361 LAN, PPP, or SLIP connections 362 Some Consolation 362 Talking to Operations Personnel 363 Dealing With Coaxial Ethernets 363 Token Ring Notes 365 RESOURCES ON THE INTERNET 369 Stalking the Wild Resource 370 Friends 370 Network News and Mailing Lists 370 Archie Gopher 371 WAIS 372 The World Wide Web 372 A Few Special Resources 372 The InterNlC 372 Registration Services 373 Database Services 373 Information Services 374 U.S. Government Resources 374 The Global Network Navigator 376 Domain Name Lookup 377 How We Did It 378 What Is a Resource? 379 Accuracy and Permissions 379

13 Using the Catalog 380 The Whole Internet Catalog 383 APPENDIXA GETTING CONNECTED TO THE INTERNET 457 Grades of Service 458 Dedicated Internet Access 458 SLIP and PPP 45 9 ISDN Access 46 0 Dial-up Access 46 0 UUCP Access 46 1 Access Via Other Networks 46 2 Telephone Connections 46 2 Service Providers 46 2 POPs and 800 Numbers 46 3 There's No Such Thing as a Cheap Lunch 46 4 Internet Coops 46 4 Regional Versus National 46 5 The Providers Themselves 467 APPENDIXB INTERNATIONAL NETWORK CONNECTIVITY 489 Summary of International Connectivity 489 Country Codes and Connectivity 489 APPENDIXC ACCEPTABLE USE 495 The NSFNET Backbone Services Acceptable Use Policy 495 APPENDIXD A UNIX PRIMER 497 Logging In 497 Command Basics 498 How Commands Look 498

14 Essential Commands 49 9 Standard Input and Output 50 1 Directory Structure 50 2 Legal Filenames 50 3 Filename Wildcards 50 3 Other Books 50 4 GLOSSARY 505 TECHNICAL INDEX 517 CATALOG INDEX 531

THE WHOLE INTERNET USER'S GUIDE & CATALOG EDKROL

THE WHOLE INTERNET USER'S GUIDE & CATALOG EDKROL THE WHOLE INTERNET USER'S GUIDE & CATALOG EDKROL O'REILLY & ASSOCIATES, INC. 103 MORRIS STREET, SUITE A SEBASTOPOL CA 95472 (800) 998-9938 (707) 829-0515 EMAIL: nuts@ora.com OR uunet!ora!nuts TABLE OF

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