Internet. Denis Helic
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1 Internet Denis Helic
2 Internet - Historical Backgrounds(1/11) (2/19)
3 Internet - Historical Backgrounds(2/11) 1957 Soviet Union launched Sputnik, caused US Military to jump-start US technology and find safeguards against a space-based missile attack US was mainly concerned about their communications infrastructure US launched the Advanced Research Project Agency (ARPA) 1962: ARPA starts working on a survivable computer network to interconnect the military main computers (3/19)
4 Internet - Historical Backgrounds(3/11) John Licklider and Leonard Klienrock: Galactic Network Concepts of Galactic Network Open Architecture Breaking messages into packets Sending packets not reliant on a single routing Network based on dedicated lines (no dial-up lines) : Design and development of ARPANET together with other research institutes (4/19)
5 Internet - Historical Backgrounds(4/11) (5/19)
6 Internet - Historical Backgrounds(5/11) : Further development of ARPANET 1972: ARPANET went public 1974: ARPA develops a common language to allow different networks to communicate: Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) (6/19)
7 TCP/IP Design Ideas: Internet - Historical Backgrounds(6/11) Each network should be able to work on its own no modification needed to participate in the Internet. Each network has a gateway linking it to the outside world. The gateway retains no information about the traffic passing through no censorship or control. Packages are routed through the fastest available route. If one computer was blocked or slow, the packages would be rerouted through the new one The gateways between the networks are always open, and they would route the traffic without discrimination. The operating principles would be freely available to all the networks (7/19)
8 Internet - Historical Backgrounds(7/11) : Further development of TCP/IP New networks are developed: Universities, US Government, Phone Companies, Bitnet, etc. In Europe: Eunet, EARN, etc. 1982: ARPANET adopts TCP/IP the Internet is born The Internet: Connected set of networks using the TCP/IP standard (8/19)
9 Internet - Historical Backgrounds(8/11) The New Hacker s Dictionary describes the reason for the success of TCP/IP as following: TCP/IP evolved primarily by actually being used, rather than being handed down from on high by a vendor or a heavily-politicized standards committee. Consequently, it (a) works, (b) actually promotes cheap cross-platform connectivity, and (c) annoys the hell out of corporate and governmental empire-builders everywhere. (9/19)
10 Internet - Historical Backgrounds(9/11) Implementation of TCP/IP given away in computer-science institutes: 90% BSD-Unix 90% connectivity no alternatives enormous grow rates (10/19)
11 Internet - Historical Backgrounds(10/11) 180 Anzahl der Computer im Internet (Source: Internet Software Consortium ( in Millionen / / / / / / / / / / /2003 (11/19)
12 Internet - Today(1/3) different nets connected public (org, net, gov) commercial (com, e.g. EUnet) military (mil, e.g. MILnet) university (e.g. NFSnet, ACOnet,...) (12/19)
13 Internet - Today(2/3) (13/19)
14 Administration of the Internet is decentralized Internet - Today(3/3) Internet Comitee (Standards): Internet Society Internet Architecture Board (Requirements) Internet Engineering Task Force (RFC Standards) ietf.org/ (14/19)
15 Internet - Technical Background(1/3) IP addressing: IPv4: 32 bit long (4 bytes) / dot notation e.g = IPv6: 128 bit (2 128 verschiedene Adressen, pro m 2 ) (15/19)
16 Internet - Technical Background(2/3) hierarchical naming service (e.g. news.tu-graz.ac.at ) Generic Countries int com edu gov mil org net jp us nl... sun yale acm ieee ac co oce vu eng cs eng jack jill keio nec cs ai linda cs csl flits fluit robot pc24 Figure 1: hierarchical organisation of domain names (16/19)
17 TCP/IP Internet - Technical Background(3/3) IP (Internet Protocol): virtual point-to-point connection, routing, no reliable connection TCP (Transmission Control Protocol): based on IP, reliable connection, handles lost/double/broken/wrong-order packets UDP (User Datagram Protocol): based on IP, not reliable, connectionless protocol, smaller packets, no checking e.g. good for streaming Ports: different services (17/19)
18 Services in the Internet telnet later usenet (news) Gopher search engine Veronica ftp informationsystems (18/19)
19 Protocols in the Internet specific for service based on TCP or UDP RFCs ( HTTP1.0: RFC 1945 FTP: RFC 959 TCP/IP Tutorial: RFC 1180 simple (textbased) (19/19)
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