Principles of Chemistry II Vanden Bout
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1 Today Radioactive Decay
2 First a refresher on nuclear reactions How does a typical nuclear reaction compare to a chemical reaction in terms of energy change? the energy per mole for a nuclear reaction is roughly A. 10 times larger B times larger C times larger D times larger E times larger
3 What is the energy released in this reaction? H(g) + H(g) H2(g)
4 2 1 What about this reaction? 2 1 H + H He?? A. 2 1 He B. 2 2 He 4 C. He 2
5 How much energy is release per helium atom? mass H + H He u u u 1 u = 1.66 x kg c = 3.0 x 10 8 m s -1 ΔE = mc 2
6 Like chemistry we can write a reaction down but it is not necessarily the one that happens actually H + H H + p What reaction could be spontaneous?
7 What reaction could be spontaneous? ΔE < 0 Δm < 0
8 Why are we now only talking about energy instead of free energy (ΔG) A. the energy term is so large it dominates B. the entropy change is always zero in a nuclear reaction C. only molecules have entropy
9 Radioactive Decay Some nuclei are more stable than others (they are lower in energy) Therefore there can be a spontaneous reaction to change the nucleus to form the more stable atom this change is accompanied by nuclear radiation
10 What is nuclear radiation? A. electrons B. small nuclei C. high energy electromagnetic radiation D. A & B E. all of the above
11 Three basic types of nuclear radiation Radioactivity the spontaneous emission of radiation by certain elements (Madame Curie). Radiation was classified by Rutherford according to its penetrating power alpha rays penetrated the least (a sheet of paper blocked them), beta rays were more penetrating (a book stopped them), and gamma rays were the most penetrating (requiring lead).
12 Three basic types of nuclear radiation alpha radiation beta radiation gamma radiation positive and massive negative and low mass uncharged (no mass)
13 Three basic types of nuclear radiation
14 Effects of all three is very different
15 Alpha particles If they get into your body they can be very harmful bare Helium nucleus will rip electrons off molecules ionization of biomolecules = unhealthy you Generally not harmful as they are absorbed by your outer layer of dead skin (bad news if they get in your lungs!) alpha.html#affecthealth
16 Gamma rays This is what will do you in. Hard to protect against Highly ionizing. Like the world s worst sunburn (except the radiation can penetrate) gamma.html#affecthealth
17
18 Types of decay Beta decay
19 Beta (-) decay Too many neutrons C N + e - + ν For this to happen spontaneously Δm < 0
20 Beta (+) decay (positron emission) Too many protons C N + e + + ν 0-1 or electron capture U + e - Pa + ν
21 alpha decay U Th + He
22 Where is all the gamma radiation?
23 Kinetics of radioactive decay There is simply a chance of it happening. Therefore the number of decays per second depends number of atoms C N + e - + ν unimolecular First order in C
24 Radioactive decay is first order
25 Half-life: the time required for the level of radioactivity to fall to one-half of its value. Example of decay of Pu-239.
26 The most dangerous radioactive compounds will emit beta and gamma radiation and have half-lives that are A. very very short B. very very long C. some where in between D. the half life is irrelevant
27
28 All nuclear reaction are first order? A. true B. false
29 All nuclear reaction are first order?
30 Where is stability?
31
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