COMPREHENSIVE SEXUALITY EDUCATION: OVERVIEW AND LESSON PLANS FOR BUILDING EFFECTIVE PROGRAMS

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1 COMPREHENSIVE SEXUALITY EDUCATION: OVERVIEW AND LESSON PLANS FOR BUILDING EFFECTIVE PROGRAMS Today s generation of adolescents is the largest ever - there are 1.2 billion people between the ages of 10 and 19 alive today. To protect their health and rights, young people need evidence-based, accurate information about their sexual and reproductive health, as well as support and skills to feel comfortable and confident about their bodies and their sexuality. While adolescence is a time for growth and learning, often young people confront multiple threats to their health and their lives such as violence and sexual coercion, unintended pregnancies, and sexually transmitted infections (STIs) including HIV. Comprehensive sexuality education (CSE) provides young people with the necessary skills and information to make free and informed decisions about their health, and enjoy safe and satisfying relationships. CSE PROGRAMS: Provide age-appropriate information on sexuality; Support young people in meeting their emotional, social, and health needs; Teach young people the necessary communication, negotiation, and critical thinking skills for healthy and equal relationships; Empower young people to demand respect for their bodies and their rights and to fully and freely consent to relationships and sexual activity that is free of violence; and Provide accurate and comprehensive information on health, including prevention of HIV and other STIs. CSE CURRICULA: Include affirming, non-judgmental lesson plans about sexual and reproductive health, gender equality, human rights, sexual behavior and activity, sexual orientation, gender norms and variance, and physical disabilities; Establish a strong foundation for young people to claim their sexual rights and exert leadership and citizenship based on respect for human rights; and Are designed for effective delivery in all cultural contexts when adapted locally, and can be utilized by educators and trained peers both in and out of schools.

2 Well designed and delivered CSE programs benefit entire communities: In Brazil, Grupo Curumim s CSE program, Programa Cunhatã, empowers 50 young people each year, who create their own projects to educate other youth in their communities. Though raised in an environment where she saw her father abuse her mother, Cunhatã participant Claudia says, Cunhatã showed me that violence against women is a crime and that no woman deserves such [violation]. In Pakistan, Aahung works closely with religious leaders of different faiths to support and adopt comprehensive sexuality education programming (curricula, materials, teaching methods) and provide education and support to other leaders who are respected sources of information for the youth in their communities. Aahung trained nearly 50,000 service providers, educators, and young people over three years. Those trained now reach hundreds of thousands more with information about HIV prevention; violence against women; and healthy, consensual relationships. In Nigeria, the Girls Power Initiative (GPI) empowers girls ages with information about their rights, their bodies, and their responsibilities. It fosters self esteem, leadership, and skills building through multiple exercises and methods. One graduate says that, I learned that female children can be whatever they want to be if they have the education and encouragement they need. In a survey of GPI graduates, seventy percent said that they can now communicate effectively with their parents, which they found difficult or impossible to do before the program. LESSON PLANS FOR BUILDING EFFECTIVE PROGRAMS FOR ALL AGES International conventions and agreements affirm that adolescents have a right to receive comprehensive sexuality education that promotes gender equality and human rights. Although many countries have implemented school-based sexuality education curricula, most have done so only partially or not at all. There is a clear and urgent need for the universal adoption of sexuality education courses for adolescent girls and boys that build a foundation for a healthy and enjoyable sexual and reproductive life and enable adolescents to make safe, informed, and voluntary decisions. In December 2009, The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), in collaboration with other UN agencies, published the International Technical Guidance on Sexuality Education: An evidence-informed approach for schools, teachers and health educators. The twovolume resource provides educators with arguments and an evidence base for sexuality education, as well as standards for the development of these programs for young people of various ages. Volume I reviews the arguments and evidence base. Volume II is the basis for this Brief, and presents a conceptual framework for comprehensive sexuality education designed for young people between the ages of five to 18. Six key concepts form the building blocks of the curriculum: 1) relationships; 2) values, attitudes, and skills; 3) culture, society, and human rights; 4) human development; 5) sexual behavior; and 6) sexual and reproductive health. Each of the six concepts is divided into specific topics, and each topic includes a list of learning objectives or key ideas for each of the four age groups.

3 The UNESCO framework does not include instructional materials, however. In this brief, we identify lesson plans for each of the concepts and topics so educators can fill in the gaps, design their own courses, and work for the adoption of a national curriculum in their own countries. The lesson plans included here: are ready-to-go with the necessary information, advice to teachers, key points, ideas for discussion and activities, handouts (where needed), and other resources; can be translated into other languages and adapted to different cultural and socioeconomic groups and ages; are accessible in print versions and on-line from the organizations websites; can be taught in various ways and sequences and combined with other topics; can be presented as a sexuality education curriculum or incorporated into courses such as social studies, health, biology, family life, population education, and life skills. Sources: the UNESCO framework United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), International Technical Guidance on Sexuality Education: An evidence-informed approach for schools, teachers and health educators (Paris: UNESCO, 2009). Vol. I: The rational for sexuality education, 60 pages; Vol. II: Topics and learning objectives, 60 pages. Order a print copy from UNESCO or download from Sources: the lesson plans Advocates for Youth. Life Planning Education: A Youth Development Program, by Carol Hunter- Geboy (Washington, DC: Advocates for Youth, 1995). 541 pages. Age range: years. Contains 14 substantive chapters emphasizing values, goal identification, and skills development. Each chapter contains multiple sessions plus interactive exercises, participant handouts, resources for teachers, and a complete guide to implementation. Order a print copy from Advocates for Youth or download either the full document or individual chapters from Also available in Spanish (download), Portuguese (print version) and Polish (download). F.L.A.S.H. The Family Life and Sexual Health curriculum for Seattle & King County, Washington, has been adopted by school districts throughout the United States and Canada. Lesson plans are available for Grades 4, 5, and 6 (ages 10-12; 19 lessons); Grades 7 and 8 (ages 12-14; 24 lessons); Grades 9 and 10 (ages 14-16; 30 lessons) and Grades 11, 12, and college or university levels (17+; 19 lessons) as well as for special education programs. Some lessons include transparencies that can be downloaded as PowerPoint presentations. More advanced levels include pre-tests and post-tests. Order a print copy on-line or download lesson plans from Positively Informed: Lesson Plans and Guidance for Sexuality Educators and Advocates, by Andrea Irvin (New York: International Women s Health Coalition, 2004). 191 pages. Age range: 12-15, Positively Informed contains eight substantive chapters with two lesson plans each, plus information on

4 building community support, course design, elements of learning, becoming a sexuality educator, and additional resources. Every chapter includes teaching tips, information content, ideas for discussion, group activities. Order a print version at no charge from IWHC or download individual chapters from It s All One Curriculum: Guidelines and Activities for a Unified Approach to Sexuality, Gender, HIV and Human Rights Education, Nicole Haberland and Deborah Rogow, editors (New York: The Population Council, CREA, Girls Power Initiative, International Planned Parenthood Federation, IPPF/Western Hemisphere Region, International Women s Health Coalition, Mexfam. 2010). Vol. 1: Guidelines, 295 pages; Vol. II: Activities, 195 pages. Age range: or older. Special emphasis on human rights, gender equality, and critical thinking. Developed by an international working group that brought the experiences of leading global experts as well as program leaders from Asia, Africa, and Latin America to bear, the curriculum contains eight substantive chapters with guidelines on developing comprehensive sexuality education curricula with a focus on human rights, gender equality and critical thinking. Each chapter includes sub-topics and associated activities intended for multiple sessions, tips for teachers, key learning objectives, information content, questions and points for reflection, and definitions of basic concepts. Order a print version from The Population Council or download from See also the list of lesson plans on 40 topics compiled by SIECUS (Sexuality Information and Education Council of the United States at Many of the plans included in the SIECUS library come from Advocates for Youth and F.L.A.S.H. Although these sources are all from the United States, some curricula guidelines (e.g., by SIECUS) and lesson plans have been adapted for use in other countries.

5 Key Concept 1: Relationships Source Age 1.1 Families Family F.L.A.S.H. Lesson What are my relationships with others like? (family, friends, etc.:11 sessions) Advocates Chapter Friendship, love and romantic relationships Friendship F.L.A.S.H. Lesson Interpersonal relationships (friends, dating, romance, love: multiple sessions) It s All One Unit Dating and courtship Positively... Chapter Warning signs: recognizing an unhealthy relationship Positively... Chapter Tolerance and respect Sexual health and well-being require human rights (multiple sessions) It s All One Unit Long-term commitment, marriage and parenting Decision-making and teen parenthood F.L.A.S.H. Lessons Planning to parent F.L.A.S.H. Lessons What does it take to be a good parent? (8 sessions) Advocates Chapter Key Concept 2: Values, attitudes and skills 2.1 Values, attitudes and sources of sexual learning Self-esteem F.L.A.S.H. Lesson Who am I and what can I do? (9 sessions) Advocates Chapter What are my personal, family and community values? (9 sessions) Advocates Chapter What are my goals? (10 sessions) Advocates Chapter What s most important to me? Positively... Chapter Norms and peer influence on sexual behavior 2.3 Decision-making Decision-making F.L.A.S.H. Lesson How can I make good decisions? (6 sessions) Advocates Chapter Communication and decision-making skills (multiple sessions) It s All One Unit Communication, refusal and negotiation skills Communication (5 sessions) F.L.A.S.H. Lessons How well do I communicate with others? (10 sessions) Advocates Chapter Theresa & Sam and Linda & Larry

6 (communicating messages & assumptions) Positively... Chapter Finding help and support Resource people F.L.A.S.H. Lesson Key Concept 3: Culture, society and human rights 3.1 Sexuality, culture and human rights What is sexuality? (sexuality, puberty, feelings, sexual orientation:11 sessions) Advocates Chapter Sexuality (rights, desires, diversity, consent & coercion, behaviors, sexual problems, etc.) (multiple sessions) It s All One Unit Understanding human sexuality Positively... Chapter Exploring sexual orientation Positively... Chapter Sexuality and the media 3.3 The social construction of gender Gender roles F.L.A.S.H. Lesson Act like a man, act like a woman Positively... Chapter What are gender stereotypes and gender roles? (9 sessions) Advocates Chapter Gender (norms, stereotypes, identities) (multiple sessions) It s All One Unit Ways of understanding gender Positively... Chapter Gender-based violence, including sexual abuse, exploitation and harmful practices Sexual exploitation (2 sessons) F.L.A.S.H. Lessons How can I keep violence out of my life? (8 sessions) Advocates Chapter Sexual exploitation (4 sessions) F.L.A.S.H. Lessons Gender and violence It s All One Unit 2: Date rape Positively... Chapter Gender traditions & HIV infection (effects of harmful practices, discrimination, etc.) Positively... Chapter Key Concept 4: Human development How can I take care of my health? (drugs, alcohol, stress, nutrition: 9 sessions) Advocates Chapter The body, puberty, and reproduction (multiple sessions covering all topics below) It s All One Unit Sexual and reproductive anatomy and physiology Reproductive system (2 sessions) F.L.A.S.H. Lessons Reproductive system (2 sessions) F.L.A.S.H Lessons Reproductive system F.L.A.S.H. Lesson

7 Anatomy and physiology Positively... Chapter Reproduction Pregnancy (2 sessions) F.L.A.S.H. Lessons Pregnancy (2 sessions) F.L.A.S.H. Lessons 8, Pregnancy (prenatal and infant health; 4 sessions) F.L.A.S.H. Lessons Positively pregnant: prenatal care Positively... Chapter Puberty Puberty (2 sessions) F.L.A.S.H. Lessons Puberty (1 session) F.L.A.S.H. Lesson Puberty/adolescence (4 sessions) F.L.A.S.H. Lessons Personal concerns about puberty Positively... Chapter Body image Body image Advocates Chapter Privacy and bodily integrity Key Concept 5: Sexual behavior 5.1 Sex, sexuality and the sexual life cycle Touch and abstinence F.L.A.S.H. Lessons Touch and abstinence F.L.A.S.H. Lessons 2-2a Exploring sexual orientation Positively... Chapter Child & adolescent sexual development F.L.A.S.H. Lessons Lifelong sexuality F.L.A.S.H. Lesson Sexual behavior and sexual response Masturbation and other sexual behaviors (male/female sexual response; vaginal, oral, and anal sex) Positively... Chapter The sexual response system F.L.A.S.H. Lessons Key Concept 6: Sexual and reproductive health Sexual health and hygiene F.L.A.S.H. Lesson Sexual health care F.L.A.S.H. Lesson Fertility and infertility F.L.A.S.H. Lesson Sexual and reproductive health: the right to health services It s All One Unit 7 Intro 15+ Preventing unwanted pregnancy and STI/HIV Positively... Chapter What reduces sexual risks? (pregnancy, HIV, sexual negotiation; 18 sessions) Advocates Chapter (covers all of the topics below)

8 6.1 Pregnancy prevention [and abortion] Predicting pregnancy risks Positively... Chapter Birth control basics F.L.A.S.H. Lesson Contraception advanced method choice F.L.A.S.H. Lessons Thinking about abortion around the world Positively... Chapter Abortion: teaching all sides... Positively... Chapter Decisions about fertility: contraception and abortion (multiple sessions) It s All One Unit 7:2 15+ Unplanned pregnancy options F.L.A.S.H. Lesson & Appendix 1 Unplanned pregnancy options F.L.A.S.H. Lessons Understanding, recognizing and reducing the risk of STIs, including HIV HIV/AIDS F.L.A.S.H. Lessons STD prevention Positively... Chapter Sexually transmitted diseases F.L.A.S.H. Lessons HIV/AIDS F.L.A.S.H. Lessons STDs and HIV/AIDS F.L.A.S.H. Lessons Negotiating risk reduction Positively... Chapter Sexually transmitted infections, including HIV and AIDS (multiple sessions) It s All One Unit HIV and AIDS stigma, care, treatment and support HIV/AIDS (4 sessions) F.L.A.S.H. Lessons Key Concept 7: Community advocacy for sexual and reproductive rights (This concept was not included in the UNESCO guidance) What does community mean to me? (rights, responsibilities: 12 sessions) Advocates Chapter Advocating for sexual and reproductive health, rights and gender equality (multiple sessions) It s All One Unit 8 15+

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