Greater Happiness for a greater number Is that possible? If so, how?
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1 Greater Happiness for a greater number Is that possible? If so, how? Ruut Veenhoven Erasmus University Rotterdam, The Netherlands Presentation at conference Well-being in the welfare state House of Science, Helsinki, Finland September
2 Greater happiness The greatest happiness principle What we know about happiness Is greater happiness possible? How can that be achieved?
3 Greatest happiness principle Philosophy History Present day policy relevance
4 Greatest happiness principle Philosophy Morally good is what works out well Morality appears in consequences Most moral is what produces greatest happiness for greatest number Called utilitarianism
5 Ideology of greater happiness Moral philosophy Variants Applied on individual choice Actor utilitarianism Applied on public choice Rule utilitarianism or Political utilitarianism
6 Ideology of greater happiness Moral philosophy Variants Applied on individual choice Actor utilitarianism Applied on public choice Rule utilitarianism or Political utilitarianism
7 Greatest happiness principle History Idea roots in 18 th century Enlightenment Articulated by Jeremy Bentham On morals and legislation (1789) Rejected by leading ideologies in the 19 th and early 20 th century Church Liberalism Socialism Nationalism
8 Ideology of greater happiness Present day relevance End of great ideologies of deficit Call for positive policy goals Rising appreciation of happiness In public opinion Among policy makers Greater knowledge about happiness
9 What we know about happiness What is happiness? How is that measured? How happy are we? In what conditions are we most happy?
10 What is happiness? Four qualities of life external internal chances outcomes
11 What is happiness? Four qualities of life external internal chances Livability Life-ability outcomes Utility Satisfaction
12 What is happiness? Four kinds of satisfaction Passing Enduring Part Whole
13 What is happiness? Four kinds of satisfaction Passing Enduring Part Pleasure Domain satisfaction Whole Top experience Life satisfaction (Happiness)
14 What we know about happiness Measurement of happiness
15 Measurement of happiness Best practice in direct questioning global self estimate single question for large scale surveys multiple questions multi-moment average for small scale follow-up
16 Measurement of happiness Best practice in direct questioning global self estimate single question for large scale surveys multiple questions multi-moment average for small scale follow-up
17 Measurement of happiness Example of a survey question Taking all together, how satisfied or dissatisfied are you with your life as a whole these days? Dissatisfied Satisfied
18 What we know about happiness How happy are we?
19 How happy are we? Denmark
20 How happy are we? Zimbabwe 2005 COUNTRY/REGION: ZIMBABW E 30,0% t n e r c e P 20,0% 10,0% 0,0% DISS AT ISFIED S A T IS F IED H O W S A T IS F IE D A R E Y O U W IT H Y O U R L IF E
21 How happy are we? Finland
22 How happy are we? Happiness in nations Denmark 8,3 Finland 7,9 USA 7,4 Germany 7,1 France 6,6 Russia 5,5 Iraq 4,7 Zimbabwe 3,0
23
24 What we know about happiness What makes us happy?
25 What makes us happy? external internal chances Livability Life-ability outcomes Utility Happiness
26 Analogous concepts in biology external internal chances Biotope Fitness outcomes Ecological function Survival
27 What makes us happy? external internal chances Livability kind of society Life ability outcomes Utility Happiness
28 What makes us happy? Wealth of the nation
29 What makes us happy? Inequality of incomes in the nation
30 What makes us happy? Rule of law
31 What makes us happy? Societal conditions Economic affluence +.65 Good governance +.62 Rule of law +.58 Democracy +.50 Personal freedom +.46 State welfare +.22 Income inequality +.18 Explained variance 75%
32 What makes us happy? Societal conditions Economic affluence +.65 Good governance +.62 Rule of law +.58 Democracy +.50 Personal freedom +.46 State welfare +.22 Income inequality +.18 Explained variance 75%
33 Change social security by change happiness
34 What makes us happy? external internal chances Livability Life ability outcomes Utility Happiness
35 What makes us happy? Sources of difference in modern nations Heredity ± 30% Good/bad luck ± 10% Social position ± 10% Learned abilities 25%? Choice 25%?
36 Great happiness possible? Theoretical answers Comparison theory Happiness will oscillate Around neutral level no Need theory Freudian theory of primitive urges no Maslow s theory yes
37 Great happiness possible? Empirical answers Most people are happy Most people live long and happy
38 How happy are we? Happiness in nations Denmark 8,3 Finland 7,9 USA 7,4 Germany 7,1 France 6,6 Russia 5,5 Iraq 4,7 Zimbabwe 3,0
39 Greater happiness possible? Theoretical answers Empirical answers
40 Greater happiness possible? Theoretical answers Trait theory Comparison theory Need theory no no yes
41 Greater happiness possible? Average happiness
42 Greater happiness possible? Gains on scale 0-10, Italy + 0,63 Denmark + 0,55 USA + 0,29 France + 0,55 UK + 0,26 Netherlands + 0,26 Japan + 0,20 Belgium 0,33
43 How create greater happiness? Improving livability of society Improving individual life-ability
44 What makes us happy? external internal chances Livability of society Life ability outcomes Utility Happiness
45 How create greater happiness? Improve livability of society Society as-a-whole macro level Institutions in society Schools Work organizations Old age homes meso level
46 How create greater happiness? More livable society Do invest in: Good governance Rule of law Freedom Don t invest in more Income equality State welfare Economic growth?
47 How create greater happiness? More livable institutions Happiness is a major aim of Schools Care homes As yet no measurement of happiness effects Hence, no competition on happiness
48 What makes us happy? external internal chances Livability Life ability outcomes Utility Happiness
49 How create greater happiness? Strengthen life-abilities of individuals Do invest in: (preventive) mental health care Support of life choices Don t invest in More schooling?
50 How create greater happiness? Strengthen life-abilities of individuals Do invest in: (preventive) mental health care Support of life choices Don t invest in More schooling
51 How create greater happiness? Better informed life choice Problem Happiness depends partly on choice: 25%? Difficult to predict our own happiness Gilbert: Stumbling on happiness Hence much sub-optimal choice Kahneman: Expected vs experienced utility Frey: Mis-predicting utility
52 How create greater happiness? Better informed life choice Solution 1: Mood monitoring Use of happiness diary for education Feedback on How happy you are compared to comparable people Profile of your enjoyment of activities
53 How create greater happiness? Better informed life choice Solution 2: Chart consequences of choice Investigate long-term effects on happiness of major choices in large scale panels Assess probabilities for people like you Analogous to tests of consumer goods Research on health consequences of behavior
54
55 Conclusion Greater happiness is possible This can be achieved at three levels macro level of society meso level of organizations micro level of individuals Effect-research is required at all three levels
56 World Database of Happiness
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