Chapter 21 Electric Charge and Electric Field. Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
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1 Chapter 21 Electric Charge and Electric Field
2 Static Electricity; Electric Charge and Its Conservation Electric Charge in the Atom Insulators and Conductors Induced Charge; the Electroscope Coulomb s Law The Electric Field Units of Chapter 21 Electric Field Calculations for Continuous Charge Distributions
3 Field Lines Electric Fields and Conductors Motion of a Charged Particle in an Electric Field Electric Dipoles Units of Chapter 21 Electric Forces in Molecular Biology: DNA Photocopy Machines and Computer Printers Use Electrostatics
4 21-1 Static Electricity; Electric Charge and Its Conservation Objects can be charged by rubbing
5 21-1 Static Electricity; Electric Charge and Its Conservation Charge comes in two types, positive and negative; like charges repel and opposite charges attract.
6 21-1 Static Electricity; Electric Charge and Its Conservation Electric charge is conserved the arithmetic sum of the total charge cannot change in any interaction.
7 21-2 Electric Charge in the Atom Atom: Nucleus (small, massive, positive charge) Electron cloud (large, very low density, negative charge)
8 21-2 Electric Charge in the Atom Polar molecule: neutral overall, but charge not evenly distributed
9 21-3 Insulators and Conductors Conductor: Charge flows freely Insulator: Almost no charge flows Metals Most other materials Some materials are semiconductors.
10 21-4 Induced Charge; the Electroscope Metal objects can be charged by conduction:
11 21-4 Induced Charge; the Electroscope They can also be charged by induction, either while connected to ground or not:
12 21-4 Induced Charge; the Electroscope Nonconductors won t become charged by conduction or induction, but will experience charge separation:
13 21-4 Induced Charge; the Electroscope The electroscope can be used for detecting charge.
14 21-4 Induced Charge; the Electroscope The electroscope can be charged either by conduction or by induction.
15 21-4 Induced Charge; the Electroscope The charged electroscope can then be used to determine the sign of an unknown charge.
16 21-5 Coulomb s Law Experiment shows that the electric force between two charges is proportional to the product of the charges and inversely proportional to the distance between them.
17 21-5 Coulomb s Law Coulomb s law: This equation gives the magnitude of the force between two charges.
18 21-5 Coulomb s Law The force is along the line connecting the charges, and is attractive if the charges are opposite, and repulsive if they are the same.
19 21-5 Coulomb s Law Unit of charge: coulomb, C. The proportionality constant in Coulomb s law is then: k = 8.99 x 10 9 N m 2 /C 2. Charges produced by rubbing are typically around a microcoulomb: 1 μc = 10-6 C.
20 21-5 Coulomb s Law Charge on the electron: e = x C. Electric charge is quantized in units of the electron charge.
21 21-5 Coulomb s Law The proportionality constant k can also be written in terms of ε 0, the permittivity of free space:
22 21-5 Coulomb s Law Conceptual Example 21-1: Which charge exerts the greater force? Two positive point charges, Q 1 = 50 μc and Q 2 = 1 μc, are separated by a distance. Which is larger in magnitude, the force that Q 1 exerts on Q 2 or the force that Q 2 exerts on Q 1?
23 21-5 Coulomb s Law Example 21-2: Three charges in a line. Three charged particles are arranged in a line, as shown. Calculate the net electrostatic force on particle 3 (the -4.0 μc on the right) due to the other two charges.
24 21-5 Coulomb s Law Example 21-3: Electric force using vector components. Calculate the net electrostatic force on charge Q 3 shown in the figure due to the charges Q 1 and Q 2.
25 Conceptual Example 21-4: Make the force on Q 3 zero Coulomb s Law In the figure, where could you place a fourth charge, Q 4 = -50 μc, so that the net force on Q 3 would be zero?
26 21-6 The Electric Field The electric field is defined as the force on a small charge, divided by the magnitude of the charge:
27 21-6 The Electric Field An electric field surrounds every charge.
28 21-6 The Electric Field For a point charge:
29 21-6 The Electric Field Force on a point charge in an electric field:
30 21-6 The Electric Field Example 21-6: Electric field of a single point charge. Calculate the magnitude and direction of the electric field at a point P which is 30 cm to the right of a point charge Q = -3.0 x 10-6 C.
31 21-6 The Electric Field Example 21-7: E at a point between two charges. Two point charges are separated by a distance of 10.0 cm. One has a charge of -25 μc and the other +50 μc. (a) Determine the direction and magnitude of the electric field at a point P between the two charges that is 2.0 cm from the negative charge. (b) If an electron (mass = 9.11 x kg) is placed at rest at P and then released, what will be its initial acceleration (direction and magnitude)?
32 21-6 The Electric Field Example 21-8: E above two point charges. Calculate the total electric field (a) at point A and (b) at point B in the figure due to both charges, Q 1 and Q 2.
33 21-6 The Electric Field Problem solving in electrostatics: electric forces and electric fields 1. Draw a diagram; show all charges, with signs, and electric fields and forces with directions. 2. Calculate forces using Coulomb s law. 3. Add forces vectorially to get result. 4. Check your answer!
34 Summary of Chapter 21 Sec. 1-6 Two kinds of electric charge positive and negative. Charge is conserved. Charge on electron: e = x C. Conductors: electrons free to move. Insulators: nonconductors.
35 Summary of Chapter 21 Sec. 1-6 Charge is quantized in units of e. Objects can be charged by conduction or induction. Coulomb s law: Electric field is force per unit charge:
36 Summary of Chapter 21 Sec. 1-6 Electric field of a point charge:
37 Homework due tomorrow Chapter 21: 6, 12, 16, 18, 27, 28
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