THE WAY FOOD WORKS CONTINUING ON TO DIGESTION...

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1 THE WAY FOOD WORKS CONTINUING ON TO DIGESTION...

2 ORGANIZATION OF THE DIGESTIVE TRACT

3

4 IN ORDER TO ACCESS THE NUTRIENTS AND RAW MATERIALS IN FOOD, IT MUST BE BROKEN DOWN AND ABSORBED

5 IN ORDER TO ACCESS THE NUTRIENTS AND RAW MATERIALS IN FOOD, IT MUST BE BROKEN DOWN AND ABSORBED MOUTH --> ESOPHAGUS --> STOMACH --> SMALL INTESTINE --> LARGE INTESTINE --> RECTUM

6 IN ORDER TO ACCESS THE NUTRIENTS AND RAW MATERIALS IN FOOD, IT MUST BE BROKEN DOWN AND ABSORBED MOUTH --> ESOPHAGUS --> STOMACH --> SMALL INTESTINE --> LARGE INTESTINE --> RECTUM DIGESTION IS BOTH MECHANICAL AND CHEMICAL

7 STEPS OF DIGESTION

8 STEPS OF DIGESTION MOUTH- MOSTLY MECHANICAL

9 STEPS OF DIGESTION MOUTH- MOSTLY MECHANICAL ESOPHAGUS- MUSCULAR TUBE MOVES FOOD TO STOMACH

10 STEPS OF DIGESTION MOUTH- MOSTLY MECHANICAL ESOPHAGUS- MUSCULAR TUBE MOVES FOOD TO STOMACH STOMACH- GRINDING + CHEMICALS

11 STEPS OF DIGESTION MOUTH- MOSTLY MECHANICAL ESOPHAGUS- MUSCULAR TUBE MOVES FOOD TO STOMACH STOMACH- GRINDING + CHEMICALS SMALL INTESTINE- CHEMICAL

12 STEPS OF DIGESTION MOUTH- MOSTLY MECHANICAL ESOPHAGUS- MUSCULAR TUBE MOVES FOOD TO STOMACH STOMACH- GRINDING + CHEMICALS SMALL INTESTINE- CHEMICAL LARGE INTESTINE- WATER ABSORBED

13 STEPS OF DIGESTION MOUTH- MOSTLY MECHANICAL ESOPHAGUS- MUSCULAR TUBE MOVES FOOD TO STOMACH STOMACH- GRINDING + CHEMICALS SMALL INTESTINE- CHEMICAL LARGE INTESTINE- WATER ABSORBED UNDIGESTED FOOD LEAVES BODY AS SOLID WASTE

14 STEPS OF DIGESTION MOUTH- MOSTLY MECHANICAL ESOPHAGUS- MUSCULAR TUBE MOVES FOOD TO STOMACH STOMACH- GRINDING + CHEMICALS SMALL INTESTINE- CHEMICAL LARGE INTESTINE- WATER ABSORBED UNDIGESTED FOOD LEAVES BODY AS SOLID WASTE

15 CARBOHYDRATE DIGESTION

16 CARBOHYDRATE DIGESTION GOAL: TO BREAK POLYSACCHARIDES AND DISACCHARIDES INTO MONOSACCHARIDES THAT CAN BE CONVERTED TO GLUCOSE

17 WATCH THE SUGAR MOLECULE

18

19 MOUTH- ENZYME AMYLASE BREAKS STARCH INTO SMALLER MOLECULES

20 MOUTH- ENZYME AMYLASE BREAKS STARCH INTO SMALLER MOLECULES STOMACH- CARBOHYDRATES COMBINE WITH HYDROCHLORIC ACID, DEACTIVATING AMYLASE

21 MOUTH- ENZYME AMYLASE BREAKS STARCH INTO SMALLER MOLECULES STOMACH- CARBOHYDRATES COMBINE WITH HYDROCHLORIC ACID, DEACTIVATING AMYLASE SMALL INTESTINE:

22 MOUTH- ENZYME AMYLASE BREAKS STARCH INTO SMALLER MOLECULES STOMACH- CARBOHYDRATES COMBINE WITH HYDROCHLORIC ACID, DEACTIVATING AMYLASE SMALL INTESTINE: PANCREAS- SECRETES PANCREATIC AMYLASE, DIGESTING ANY REMAINING STARCH INTO MALTOSE

23 MOUTH- ENZYME AMYLASE BREAKS STARCH INTO SMALLER MOLECULES STOMACH- CARBOHYDRATES COMBINE WITH HYDROCHLORIC ACID, DEACTIVATING AMYLASE SMALL INTESTINE: PANCREAS- SECRETES PANCREATIC AMYLASE, DIGESTING ANY REMAINING STARCH INTO MALTOSE ALL DISACCHARIDES ARE SPLIT INTO MONOSACHARIDES AND ABSORBED INTO THE BLOODSTREAM

24 OBJID=AP15806

25 BLOOD SUGAR AND INSULIN

26 BLOOD SUGAR AND INSULIN AS GLUCOSE ENTERS THE BLOODSTREAM AND THE GLUCOSE LEVEL RISES, CELLS IN THE PANCREAS RELEASE INSULIN

27 BLOOD SUGAR AND INSULIN AS GLUCOSE ENTERS THE BLOODSTREAM AND THE GLUCOSE LEVEL RISES, CELLS IN THE PANCREAS RELEASE INSULIN INSULIN IS A HORMONE THAT LOWERS THE BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVEL BY PROMOTING THE UPTAKE OF GLUCOSE INTO THE CELLS OR INTO THE LIVER FOR GLYCOGEN STORAGE

28

29 GLUCOSE LEVEL MUST REMAIN CONSTANT

30 GLUCOSE LEVEL MUST REMAIN CONSTANT TOO HIGH- CAN DAMAGE BLOOD VESSELS

31 GLUCOSE LEVEL MUST REMAIN CONSTANT TOO HIGH- CAN DAMAGE BLOOD VESSELS TOO LOW- WILL DEPRIVE CELLS (ESPECIALLY THE BRAIN) OF ENERGY

32 GLUCOSE LEVEL MUST REMAIN CONSTANT TOO HIGH- CAN DAMAGE BLOOD VESSELS TOO LOW- WILL DEPRIVE CELLS (ESPECIALLY THE BRAIN) OF ENERGY NO WAY TO MAKE ATP

33

34 FAT DIGESTION

35 FAT DIGESTION FATS ARE NOT WATER SOLUBLE-- MUST BE DIGESTED AND TRANSPORTED DIFFERENTLY

36 FAT DIGESTION FATS ARE NOT WATER SOLUBLE-- MUST BE DIGESTED AND TRANSPORTED DIFFERENTLY

37 FAT DIGESTION FATS ARE NOT WATER SOLUBLE-- MUST BE DIGESTED AND TRANSPORTED DIFFERENTLY OBJID=DTY2003

38 NO DIGESTION IN MOUTH REACH STOMACH INTACT WHERE THEY ARE MIXED AND BROKEN INTO SMALLER DROPLETS SMALL INTESTINE GALL BLADDER RELEASES BILE TO BREAK LARGER FAT MOLECULES INTO TINY DROPS PANCREAS SECRETES ENZYMES TO SEPARATE FATTY ACIDS AND GLYCEROL

39 ABSORPTION AND TRANSPORT OF FATS

40 ABSORPTION AND TRANSPORT OF FATS SMALL COMPOUNDS CALLED MICELLES FORM BY TRAPPING THE FATTY ACIDS AND MONOGLYCERIDES IN A BUBBLE OF BILE AND PHOSPHOLIPIDS

41 ABSORPTION AND TRANSPORT OF FATS SMALL COMPOUNDS CALLED MICELLES FORM BY TRAPPING THE FATTY ACIDS AND MONOGLYCERIDES IN A BUBBLE OF BILE AND PHOSPHOLIPIDS

42 MICELLES ARE ABSORBED BY INTESTINAL CELLS FATS ARE THEN REPACKAGED AND TRANSPORTED INTO THE BLOODSTREAM BY CHYLOMICRONS

43

44 CHYLOMICRONS ARE A COMBINATION OF LIPIDS AND PROTEIN

45 CHYLOMICRONS ARE A COMBINATION OF LIPIDS AND PROTEIN CHOLESTEROL IS CARRIED BY CHYLOMICRONS (HDL AND LDL)

46 CHYLOMICRONS ARE A COMBINATION OF LIPIDS AND PROTEIN CHOLESTEROL IS CARRIED BY CHYLOMICRONS (HDL AND LDL) CHYLOMICRONS (CARRYING FAT) CAN THEN BE:

47 CHYLOMICRONS ARE A COMBINATION OF LIPIDS AND PROTEIN CHOLESTEROL IS CARRIED BY CHYLOMICRONS (HDL AND LDL) CHYLOMICRONS (CARRYING FAT) CAN THEN BE: USED FOR IMMEDIATE ENERGY

48 CHYLOMICRONS ARE A COMBINATION OF LIPIDS AND PROTEIN CHOLESTEROL IS CARRIED BY CHYLOMICRONS (HDL AND LDL) CHYLOMICRONS (CARRYING FAT) CAN THEN BE: USED FOR IMMEDIATE ENERGY STORED IN ADIPOSE TISSUE FOR LATER USE

49 CHYLOMICRONS ARE A COMBINATION OF LIPIDS AND PROTEIN CHOLESTEROL IS CARRIED BY CHYLOMICRONS (HDL AND LDL) CHYLOMICRONS (CARRYING FAT) CAN THEN BE: USED FOR IMMEDIATE ENERGY STORED IN ADIPOSE TISSUE FOR LATER USE USED TO MAKE LIPID-CONTAINING COMPOUNDS

50 PROTEIN DIGESTION NOT GENERALLY USED FOR ENERGY BROKEN DOWN INTO INDIVIDUAL AMINO ACIDS TO BE USED TO BUILD NEW THINGS

51 NO DIGESTION IN MOUTH STOMACH HYDROCHLORIC ACID DENATURES PROTEINS ACTIVATES THE ENZYME PEPSIN (BREAKS PROTEINS INTO SMALLER PEPTIDE CHAINS AND SINGLE AMINO ACIDS) AMINO ACIDS ARE ABSORBED INTO THE BLOODSTREAM AND DISTRIBUTED TO THE LIVER AND OTHER CELLS AS NEEDED

52 VITAMINS, MINERALS, & WATER FOODS ALSO CONTAIN IMPORTANT MOLECULES THAT DO NOT CONTAIN CALORIES (ENERGY) WATER IS ABSORBED IN THE LARGE INTETINE MINERALS AND VITAMINS ARE ABSORBED IN THE SMALL INTESTINE DOCID=17032

53 WATER ABUNDANT IN FOODS, ESPECIALLY FRUITS AND VEGETABLES NECESSARY TO MAINTAIN HYDRATION IN AND BETWEEN CELLS

54 MINERALS INORGANIC IONS- DO NOT CONTAIN CARBON AND ARE NOT PRODUCED BY LIVING THINGS ORIGINAL SOURCES: SOIL, ROCKS, SEA WATER TAKEN UP BY PLANTS OR ANIMALS AND CARRIED THROUGH THE FOOD CHAIN (RECYCLED) EX. CALCIUM, PHOSPHORUS, SODIUM, IRON

55 VITAMINS ORGANIC COMPOUNDS AND ARE MADE BY LIVING THINGS NECESSARY FOR MANY PROCESSES BUT THE BODY CANNOT MAKE THEM ITSELF EX. VITAMIN A, C, D, K, NIACIN, FOLIC ACID

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