Covalent bonds and Lewis dots. Completing octets by sharing electrons

Size: px
Start display at page:

Download "Covalent bonds and Lewis dots. Completing octets by sharing electrons"

Transcription

1 Covalent bonds and Lewis dots Completing octets by sharing electrons

2 Learning objectives Describe covalent bond Describe basis of octet rule Predict using electronegativity values the polarity of bonds Write Lewis dot structures for simple molecules Identify cases where octet is expanded

3 Driving force for bonds Chemical bonds make atoms more stable than they are if non-bonded Bond formation involves changes in the electrons on two atoms. Either: Electron transfer Electron sharing

4 Noble gases provide clues

5 The Octet Rule All elements strive to become a noble gas, at least as far as the electrons are concerned. Filling the outer shell 8 electrons Achieve this by adding electrons Or taking them away

6 Lewis dot model The nucleus and all of the core electrons are represented by the element symbol The valence electrons are represented by dots one for each electron Number of dots in Lewis model is equal to group number (in 1 8 system)

7 Remember this simple rule!! Number of dots in Lewis model is equal to group number (in 1 8 numbering system)

8 Sharing two electrons effectively doubles the count Each atom wants 8 Alone each has seven Together they have eight Single covalent bond

9 Covalent bonds between unlike elements Oxygen requires octet shares two with H atoms Hydrogen requires two each shares one with O

10 Larger molecules

11 Lewis dot structures In going from G4 G7, a H atom is replaced by a lone pair of electrons H F O H H The total number of electrons is equal to the sum of all the valence electrons The total number of electrons remains the same 8 H N H H H H C H H Each atom has a complete octet

12 Multiple bonds are a feature O 2 and N 2 do not achieve octets by sharing two electrons Must share more electrons O 2 has double bond (four electrons shared) N 2 has triple bond (six electrons shared) one of the strongest in chemistry N 2 is very stable and unreactive also the major product from explosives

13 Bond order increases as electron total decreases Molecule Group number Total number of electrons Bond order F-F O=O N N

14 Properties of covalent compounds Most covalent compounds are molecular: Strong bonds between atoms Weak bonds between molecules Gases, liquids and solids at room temperature May be hard or soft (diamond is a covalent solid) May be soluble in polar or non-polar solvents Solutions and melts do not conduct electricity

15 Polar bonds The ionic bond and the equally shared covalent bond are two extremes Complete transfer of charge to equal sharing of charge Many bonds fall in between: atoms of different elements have different attraction for electrons

16 Electronegativity The degree to which an atom attracts electrons towards itself in a bond with another atom highly electronegative atom attracts electrons weakly electronegative atom does not

17 Table of electronegativity Most electronegative Least electronegative

18 Increasing electronegativity difference increases polarity

19 Polar bonds and polar molecules Any bond containing different elements will be polar to some degree For a molecule to be polar will depend upon how the bonds are arranged A molecule may contain polar bonds and be itself non-polar We need to understand the molecular structure

20 Diatomic molecules are easy

21 Lewis dot structures: doing the dots Molecular structure reduced to simplest terms showing only the arrangements of the valence electrons as dots in a 2-dimensional figure Show only valence electrons Electrons are either in: bonds lone pairs (stable molecules do not contain unpaired electrons with very few exceptions) Octet rule is guiding principle for distribution of electrons in the molecule

22 Lewis dot structures made easy: the Start with the skeleton of the molecule Least electronegative element is the central atom S = N - A S = N A machine N = total number of electrons required to fill octet for each atom in the molecule (8 for each element, except 2 for H and 6 for B) A = total number of valence electrons S = total number of electrons in bonds We are given N and A; we need to find S 1. Determine molecule skeleton 2. Calculate N: dots required to complete octets: 8 for each atom, 2 for hydrogen 3. Calculate A: total number of valence electrons 4. Calculate S = N A Number of electrons in bonds 5. Complete bonds with dots equal to S 6. Complete octets with remaining dots (A S)

23 Applying the rules Calculate N for the molecule Calculate A (all the dots) NF 3 N F F F include charges for ions (add one for each ve charge and subtract one for each +ve charge) Determine S (no of dots in bonds) (S = N A) Satisfy all octets and create number of bonds dictated by S (may be multiple bonds) N = 8(N) + 3 x 8(F) = 32 A = 5(N) + 3 x 7(F) = 26 S = = 6 F N F F

24 Dot structure for SO2

25 Two tests for dot structures Is the number of dots in the molecule equal to the number of valence electrons? Are all the octets satisfied? If both yes structure is valid If either no then back to the drawing board

26 Expansion of the octet Elements in second row invariably obey the octet rule The heavy congeners regularly disobey it Consider: OF 2 but SF 6 NCl 3 but PCl 5 Octet expansion is a consequence of the availability of vacant 3d orbitals to the third row, where there are no 2d orbitals in the second row

Ionic and Covalent Bonds

Ionic and Covalent Bonds Ionic and Covalent Bonds Ionic Bonds Transfer of Electrons When metals bond with nonmetals, electrons are from the metal to the nonmetal The becomes a cation and the becomes an anion. The between the cation

More information

Laboratory 11: Molecular Compounds and Lewis Structures

Laboratory 11: Molecular Compounds and Lewis Structures Introduction Laboratory 11: Molecular Compounds and Lewis Structures Molecular compounds are formed by sharing electrons between non-metal atoms. A useful theory for understanding the formation of molecular

More information

Lewis Dot Notation Ionic Bonds Covalent Bonds Polar Covalent Bonds Lewis Dot Notation Revisited Resonance

Lewis Dot Notation Ionic Bonds Covalent Bonds Polar Covalent Bonds Lewis Dot Notation Revisited Resonance Lewis Dot Notation Ionic Bonds Covalent Bonds Polar Covalent Bonds Lewis Dot Notation Revisited Resonance Lewis Dot notation is a way of describing the outer shell (also called the valence shell) of an

More information

Chapter 8 Basic Concepts of the Chemical Bonding

Chapter 8 Basic Concepts of the Chemical Bonding Chapter 8 Basic Concepts of the Chemical Bonding 1. There are paired and unpaired electrons in the Lewis symbol for a phosphorus atom. (a). 4, 2 (b). 2, 4 (c). 4, 3 (d). 2, 3 Explanation: Read the question

More information

EXPERIMENT 9 Dot Structures and Geometries of Molecules

EXPERIMENT 9 Dot Structures and Geometries of Molecules EXPERIMENT 9 Dot Structures and Geometries of Molecules INTRODUCTION Lewis dot structures are our first tier in drawing molecules and representing bonds between the atoms. The method was first published

More information

List the 3 main types of subatomic particles and indicate the mass and electrical charge of each.

List the 3 main types of subatomic particles and indicate the mass and electrical charge of each. Basic Chemistry Why do we study chemistry in a biology course? All living organisms are composed of chemicals. To understand life, we must understand the structure, function, and properties of the chemicals

More information

Chapter 4: Structure and Properties of Ionic and Covalent Compounds

Chapter 4: Structure and Properties of Ionic and Covalent Compounds Chapter 4: Structure and Properties of Ionic and Covalent Compounds 4.1 Chemical Bonding o Chemical Bond - the force of attraction between any two atoms in a compound. o Interactions involving valence

More information

EXPERIMENT 17 : Lewis Dot Structure / VSEPR Theory

EXPERIMENT 17 : Lewis Dot Structure / VSEPR Theory EXPERIMENT 17 : Lewis Dot Structure / VSEPR Theory Materials: Molecular Model Kit INTRODUCTION Although it has recently become possible to image molecules and even atoms using a high-resolution microscope,

More information

AP Chemistry A. Allan Chapter 8 Notes - Bonding: General Concepts

AP Chemistry A. Allan Chapter 8 Notes - Bonding: General Concepts AP Chemistry A. Allan Chapter 8 Notes - Bonding: General Concepts 8.1 Types of Chemical Bonds A. Ionic Bonding 1. Electrons are transferred 2. Metals react with nonmetals 3. Ions paired have lower energy

More information

Bonding & Molecular Shape Ron Robertson

Bonding & Molecular Shape Ron Robertson Bonding & Molecular Shape Ron Robertson r2 n:\files\courses\1110-20\2010 possible slides for web\00bondingtrans.doc The Nature of Bonding Types 1. Ionic 2. Covalent 3. Metallic 4. Coordinate covalent Driving

More information

LEWIS DIAGRAMS. by DR. STEPHEN THOMPSON MR. JOE STALEY

LEWIS DIAGRAMS. by DR. STEPHEN THOMPSON MR. JOE STALEY by DR. STEPHEN THOMPSON MR. JOE STALEY The contents of this module were developed under grant award # P116B-001338 from the Fund for the Improvement of Postsecondary Education (FIPSE), United States Department

More information

Worksheet 14 - Lewis structures. 1. Complete the Lewis dot symbols for the oxygen atoms below

Worksheet 14 - Lewis structures. 1. Complete the Lewis dot symbols for the oxygen atoms below Worksheet 14 - Lewis structures Determine the Lewis structure of 2 oxygen gas. 1. omplete the Lewis dot symbols for the oxygen atoms below 2. Determine the number of valence electrons available in the

More information

CHAPTER 6 Chemical Bonding

CHAPTER 6 Chemical Bonding CHAPTER 6 Chemical Bonding SECTION 1 Introduction to Chemical Bonding OBJECTIVES 1. Define Chemical bond. 2. Explain why most atoms form chemical bonds. 3. Describe ionic and covalent bonding.. 4. Explain

More information

Type of Chemical Bonds

Type of Chemical Bonds Type of Chemical Bonds Covalent bond Polar Covalent bond Ionic bond Hydrogen bond Metallic bond Van der Waals bonds. Covalent Bonds Covalent bond: bond in which one or more pairs of electrons are shared

More information

CHEMISTRY BONDING REVIEW

CHEMISTRY BONDING REVIEW Answer the following questions. CHEMISTRY BONDING REVIEW 1. What are the three kinds of bonds which can form between atoms? The three types of Bonds are Covalent, Ionic and Metallic. Name Date Block 2.

More information

Theme 3: Bonding and Molecular Structure. (Chapter 8)

Theme 3: Bonding and Molecular Structure. (Chapter 8) Theme 3: Bonding and Molecular Structure. (Chapter 8) End of Chapter questions: 5, 7, 9, 12, 15, 18, 23, 27, 28, 32, 33, 39, 43, 46, 67, 77 Chemical reaction valence electrons of atoms rearranged (lost,

More information

Chapter 5 TEST: The Periodic Table name

Chapter 5 TEST: The Periodic Table name Chapter 5 TEST: The Periodic Table name HPS # date: Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. The order of elements in the periodic table is based

More information

Which substance contains positive ions immersed in a sea of mobile electrons? A) O2(s) B) Cu(s) C) CuO(s) D) SiO2(s)

Which substance contains positive ions immersed in a sea of mobile electrons? A) O2(s) B) Cu(s) C) CuO(s) D) SiO2(s) BONDING MIDTERM REVIEW 7546-1 - Page 1 1) Which substance contains positive ions immersed in a sea of mobile electrons? A) O2(s) B) Cu(s) C) CuO(s) D) SiO2(s) 2) The bond between hydrogen and oxygen in

More information

Chemistry Workbook 2: Problems For Exam 2

Chemistry Workbook 2: Problems For Exam 2 Chem 1A Dr. White Updated /5/1 1 Chemistry Workbook 2: Problems For Exam 2 Section 2-1: Covalent Bonding 1. On a potential energy diagram, the most stable state has the highest/lowest potential energy.

More information

19.1 Bonding and Molecules

19.1 Bonding and Molecules Most of the matter around you and inside of you is in the form of compounds. For example, your body is about 80 percent water. You learned in the last unit that water, H 2 O, is made up of hydrogen and

More information

Bonding Practice Problems

Bonding Practice Problems NAME 1. When compared to H 2 S, H 2 O has a higher 8. Given the Lewis electron-dot diagram: boiling point because H 2 O contains stronger metallic bonds covalent bonds ionic bonds hydrogen bonds 2. Which

More information

CHAPTER 6 REVIEW. Chemical Bonding. Answer the following questions in the space provided.

CHAPTER 6 REVIEW. Chemical Bonding. Answer the following questions in the space provided. Name Date lass APTER 6 REVIEW hemical Bonding SETIN 1 SRT ANSWER Answer the following questions in the space provided. 1. a A chemical bond between atoms results from the attraction between the valence

More information

AP CHEMISTRY 2009 SCORING GUIDELINES

AP CHEMISTRY 2009 SCORING GUIDELINES AP CHEMISTRY 2009 SCORING GUIDELINES Question 6 (8 points) Answer the following questions related to sulfur and one of its compounds. (a) Consider the two chemical species S and S 2. (i) Write the electron

More information

We will not be doing these type of calculations however, if interested then can read on your own

We will not be doing these type of calculations however, if interested then can read on your own Chemical Bond Lattice Energies and Types of Ions Na (s) + 1/2Cl 2 (g) NaCl (s) ΔH= -411 kj/mol Energetically favored: lower energy Like a car rolling down a hill We will not be doing these type of calculations

More information

Chemical Bonds. Chemical Bonds. The Nature of Molecules. Energy and Metabolism < < Covalent bonds form when atoms share 2 or more valence electrons.

Chemical Bonds. Chemical Bonds. The Nature of Molecules. Energy and Metabolism < < Covalent bonds form when atoms share 2 or more valence electrons. The Nature of Molecules Chapter 2 Energy and Metabolism Chapter 6 Chemical Bonds Molecules are groups of atoms held together in a stable association. Compounds are molecules containing more than one type

More information

A PREVIEW & SUMMMARY of the 3 main types of bond:

A PREVIEW & SUMMMARY of the 3 main types of bond: Chemical Bonding Part 1 Covalent Bonding Types of Chemical Bonds Covalent Bonds Single Polar Double NonPolar Triple Ionic Bonds Metallic Bonds Other Bonds InterMolecular orces first A PREVIEW & SUMMMARY

More information

Lewis Dot Structures of Atoms and Ions

Lewis Dot Structures of Atoms and Ions Why? The chemical properties of an element are based on the number of electrons in the outer shell of its atoms. We use Lewis dot structures to map these valence electrons in order to identify stable electron

More information

2. Which one of the ions below possesses a noble gas configuration? A) Fe 3+ B) Sn 2+ C) Ni 2+ D) Ti 4+ E) Cr 3+

2. Which one of the ions below possesses a noble gas configuration? A) Fe 3+ B) Sn 2+ C) Ni 2+ D) Ti 4+ E) Cr 3+ Chapter 9 Tro 1. Bromine tends to form simple ions which have the electronic configuration of a noble gas. What is the electronic configuration of the noble gas which the bromide ion mimics? A) 1s 2 2s

More information

The elements of the second row fulfill the octet rule by sharing eight electrons, thus acquiring the electronic configuration of neon, the noble gas o

The elements of the second row fulfill the octet rule by sharing eight electrons, thus acquiring the electronic configuration of neon, the noble gas o 2. VALENT BNDING, TET RULE, PLARITY, AND BASI TYPES F FRMULAS LEARNING BJETIVES To introduce the basic principles of covalent bonding, different types of molecular representations, bond polarity and its

More information

Exam 2 Chemistry 65 Summer 2015. Score:

Exam 2 Chemistry 65 Summer 2015. Score: Name: Exam 2 Chemistry 65 Summer 2015 Score: Instructions: Clearly circle the one best answer 1. Valence electrons are electrons located A) in the outermost energy level of an atom. B) in the nucleus of

More information

Name: Date: Period: Presentation #4. Covalent compounds continued practice with drawing them. Modeling covalent compounds in 3D

Name: Date: Period: Presentation #4. Covalent compounds continued practice with drawing them. Modeling covalent compounds in 3D Homework Activities Name: Date: Period: This week we will practice creating covalent compounds through drawings and 3D models. We will also look at polar and non-polar molecules to see how their structures

More information

ch9 and 10 practice test

ch9 and 10 practice test 1. Which of the following covalent bonds is the most polar (highest percent ionic character)? A. Al I B. Si I C. Al Cl D. Si Cl E. Si P 2. What is the hybridization of the central atom in ClO 3? A. sp

More information

Molecular Geometry and VSEPR We gratefully acknowledge Portland Community College for the use of this experiment.

Molecular Geometry and VSEPR We gratefully acknowledge Portland Community College for the use of this experiment. Molecular and VSEPR We gratefully acknowledge Portland ommunity ollege for the use of this experiment. Objectives To construct molecular models for covalently bonded atoms in molecules and polyatomic ions

More information

Chapter 8 Concepts of Chemical Bonding

Chapter 8 Concepts of Chemical Bonding Chapter 8 Concepts of Chemical Bonding Chemical Bonds Three types: Ionic Electrostatic attraction between ions Covalent Sharing of electrons Metallic Metal atoms bonded to several other atoms Ionic Bonding

More information

Sample Exercise 8.1 Magnitudes of Lattice Energies

Sample Exercise 8.1 Magnitudes of Lattice Energies Sample Exercise 8.1 Magnitudes of Lattice Energies Without consulting Table 8.2, arrange the following ionic compounds in order of increasing lattice energy: NaF, CsI, and CaO. Analyze: From the formulas

More information

C has 4 valence electrons, O has six electrons. The total number of electrons is 4 + 2(6) = 16.

C has 4 valence electrons, O has six electrons. The total number of electrons is 4 + 2(6) = 16. 129 Lewis Structures G. N. Lewis hypothesized that electron pair bonds between unlike elements in the second (and sometimes the third) row occurred in a way that electrons were shared such that each element

More information

Sample Exercise 8.1 Magnitudes of Lattice Energies

Sample Exercise 8.1 Magnitudes of Lattice Energies Sample Exercise 8.1 Magnitudes of Lattice Energies Without consulting Table 8.2, arrange the ionic compounds NaF, CsI, and CaO in order of increasing lattice energy. Analyze From the formulas for three

More information

Chapter 2 The Chemical Context of Life

Chapter 2 The Chemical Context of Life Chapter 2 The Chemical Context of Life Multiple-Choice Questions 1) About 25 of the 92 natural elements are known to be essential to life. Which four of these 25 elements make up approximately 96% of living

More information

Start: 26e Used: 6e Step 4. Place the remaining valence electrons as lone pairs on the surrounding and central atoms.

Start: 26e Used: 6e Step 4. Place the remaining valence electrons as lone pairs on the surrounding and central atoms. Section 4.1: Types of Chemical Bonds Tutorial 1 Practice, page 200 1. (a) Lewis structure for NBr 3 : Step 1. The central atom for nitrogen tribromide is bromine. 1 N atom: 1(5e ) = 5e 3 Br atoms: 3(7e

More information

5. Structure, Geometry, and Polarity of Molecules

5. Structure, Geometry, and Polarity of Molecules 5. Structure, Geometry, and Polarity of Molecules What you will accomplish in this experiment This experiment will give you an opportunity to draw Lewis structures of covalent compounds, then use those

More information

A pure covalent bond is an equal sharing of shared electron pair(s) in a bond. A polar covalent bond is an unequal sharing.

A pure covalent bond is an equal sharing of shared electron pair(s) in a bond. A polar covalent bond is an unequal sharing. CHAPTER EIGHT BNDING: GENERAL CNCEPT or Review 1. Electronegativity is the ability of an atom in a molecule to attract electrons to itself. Electronegativity is a bonding term. Electron affinity is the

More information

CHAPTER 12: CHEMICAL BONDING

CHAPTER 12: CHEMICAL BONDING CHAPTER 12: CHEMICAL BONDING Active Learning Questions: 3-9, 11-19, 21-22 End-of-Chapter Problems: 1-36, 41-59, 60(a,b), 61(b,d), 62(a,b), 64-77, 79-89, 92-101, 106-109, 112, 115-119 An American chemist

More information

The Periodic Table: Periodic trends

The Periodic Table: Periodic trends Unit 1 The Periodic Table: Periodic trends There are over one hundred different chemical elements. Some of these elements are familiar to you such as hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and carbon. Each one has

More information

Structure, Polarity & Physical Properties

Structure, Polarity & Physical Properties tructure, Polarity & Physical Properties upplemental packet handouts 92-96 I. Lewis structure, stability, and bond energies A. ydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen are present in the atmosphere as diatomic molecular

More information

Unit 2 Periodic Behavior and Ionic Bonding

Unit 2 Periodic Behavior and Ionic Bonding Unit 2 Periodic Behavior and Ionic Bonding 6.1 Organizing the Elements I. The Periodic Law A. The physical and chemical properties of the elements are periodic functions of their atomic numbers B. Elements

More information

Chapter 2 Polar Covalent Bonds; Acids and Bases

Chapter 2 Polar Covalent Bonds; Acids and Bases John E. McMurry http://www.cengage.com/chemistry/mcmurry Chapter 2 Polar Covalent Bonds; Acids and Bases Javier E. Horta, M.D., Ph.D. University of Massachusetts Lowell Polar Covalent Bonds: Electronegativity

More information

Section Activity #1: Fill out the following table for biology s most common elements assuming that each atom is neutrally charged.

Section Activity #1: Fill out the following table for biology s most common elements assuming that each atom is neutrally charged. LS1a Fall 2014 Section Week #1 I. Valence Electrons and Bonding The number of valence (outer shell) electrons in an atom determines how many bonds it can form. Knowing the number of valence electrons present

More information

In the box below, draw the Lewis electron-dot structure for the compound formed from magnesium and oxygen. [Include any charges or partial charges.

In the box below, draw the Lewis electron-dot structure for the compound formed from magnesium and oxygen. [Include any charges or partial charges. Name: 1) Which molecule is nonpolar and has a symmetrical shape? A) NH3 B) H2O C) HCl D) CH4 7222-1 - Page 1 2) When ammonium chloride crystals are dissolved in water, the temperature of the water decreases.

More information

Health Science Chemistry I CHEM-1180 Experiment No. 15 Molecular Models (Revised 05/22/2015)

Health Science Chemistry I CHEM-1180 Experiment No. 15 Molecular Models (Revised 05/22/2015) (Revised 05/22/2015) Introduction In the early 1900s, the chemist G. N. Lewis proposed that bonds between atoms consist of two electrons apiece and that most atoms are able to accommodate eight electrons

More information

Chapter 7. Comparing Ionic and Covalent Bonds. Ionic Bonds. Types of Bonds. Quick Review of Bond Types. Covalent Bonds

Chapter 7. Comparing Ionic and Covalent Bonds. Ionic Bonds. Types of Bonds. Quick Review of Bond Types. Covalent Bonds Comparing Ionic and Covalent Bonds Chapter 7 Covalent Bonds and Molecular Structure Intermolecular forces (much weaker than bonds) must be broken Ionic bonds must be broken 1 Ionic Bonds Covalent Bonds

More information

Molecular Models & Lewis Dot Structures

Molecular Models & Lewis Dot Structures Molecular Models & Lewis Dot Structures Objectives: 1. Draw Lewis structures for atoms, ions and simple molecules. 2. Use Lewis structures as a guide to construct three-dimensional models of small molecules.

More information

H 2O gas: molecules are very far apart

H 2O gas: molecules are very far apart Non-Covalent Molecular Forces 2/27/06 3/1/06 How does this reaction occur: H 2 O (liquid) H 2 O (gas)? Add energy H 2O gas: molecules are very far apart H 2O liquid: bonding between molecules Use heat

More information

2. Atoms with very similar electronegativity values are expected to form

2. Atoms with very similar electronegativity values are expected to form AP hemistry Practice Test #6 hapter 8 and 9 1. Which of the following statements is incorrect? a. Ionic bonding results from the transfer of electrons from one atom to another. b. Dipole moments result

More information

Question 4.2: Write Lewis dot symbols for atoms of the following elements: Mg, Na, B, O, N, Br.

Question 4.2: Write Lewis dot symbols for atoms of the following elements: Mg, Na, B, O, N, Br. Question 4.1: Explain the formation of a chemical bond. A chemical bond is defined as an attractive force that holds the constituents (atoms, ions etc.) together in a chemical species. Various theories

More information

Questions on Chapter 8 Basic Concepts of Chemical Bonding

Questions on Chapter 8 Basic Concepts of Chemical Bonding Questions on Chapter 8 Basic Concepts of Chemical Bonding Circle the Correct Answer: 1) Which ion below has a noble gas electron configuration? A) Li 2+ B) Be 2+ C) B2+ D) C2+ E) N 2-2) Of the ions below,

More information

CHEM 1301 SECOND TEST REVIEW. Covalent bonds are sharing of electrons (ALWAYS valence electrons). Use Lewis structures to show this sharing.

CHEM 1301 SECOND TEST REVIEW. Covalent bonds are sharing of electrons (ALWAYS valence electrons). Use Lewis structures to show this sharing. CEM 1301 SECOND TEST REVIEW Lewis Structures Covalent bonds are sharing of electrons (ALWAYS valence electrons). Use Lewis structures to show this sharing. Rules OCTET RULE an atom would like to have 8

More information

Molecular Geometry & Polarity

Molecular Geometry & Polarity Name AP Chemistry Molecular Geometry & Polarity Molecular Geometry A key to understanding the wide range of physical and chemical properties of substances is recognizing that atoms combine with other atoms

More information

Molecular Models in Biology

Molecular Models in Biology Molecular Models in Biology Objectives: After this lab a student will be able to: 1) Understand the properties of atoms that give rise to bonds. 2) Understand how and why atoms form ions. 3) Model covalent,

More information

A REVIEW OF GENERAL CHEMISTRY: ELECTRONS, BONDS AND MOLECULAR PROPERTIES

A REVIEW OF GENERAL CHEMISTRY: ELECTRONS, BONDS AND MOLECULAR PROPERTIES A REVIEW OF GENERAL CEMISTRY: ELECTRONS, BONDS AND MOLECULAR PROPERTIES A STUDENT SOULD BE ABLE TO: 1. Draw Lewis (electron dot and line) structural formulas for simple compounds and ions from molecular

More information

CHEMISTRY 1710 - Practice Exam #5 - SPRING 2014 (KATZ)

CHEMISTRY 1710 - Practice Exam #5 - SPRING 2014 (KATZ) CHEMISTRY 1710 - Practice Exam #5 - SPRING 2014 (KATZ) Name: Score: This is a multiple choice exam. Choose the BEST answer from the choices which are given and write the letter for your choice in the space

More information

Chemistry. The student will be able to identify and apply basic safety procedures and identify basic equipment.

Chemistry. The student will be able to identify and apply basic safety procedures and identify basic equipment. Chemistry UNIT I: Introduction to Chemistry The student will be able to describe what chemistry is and its scope. a. Define chemistry. b. Explain that chemistry overlaps many other areas of science. The

More information

The Lewis structure is a model that gives a description of where the atoms, charges, bonds, and lone pairs of electrons, may be found.

The Lewis structure is a model that gives a description of where the atoms, charges, bonds, and lone pairs of electrons, may be found. CEM110 Week 12 Notes (Chemical Bonding) Page 1 of 8 To help understand molecules (or radicals or ions), VSEPR shapes, and properties (such as polarity and bond length), we will draw the Lewis (or electron

More information

Composition of the Atmosphere. Outline Atmospheric Composition Nitrogen and Oxygen Lightning Homework

Composition of the Atmosphere. Outline Atmospheric Composition Nitrogen and Oxygen Lightning Homework Molecules of the Atmosphere The present atmosphere consists mainly of molecular nitrogen (N2) and molecular oxygen (O2) but it has dramatically changed in composition from the beginning of the solar system.

More information

Order of Filling Subshells

Order of Filling Subshells Bonding: General Concepts Ionic Bonds Sections 13.2-13.6 Covalent Bonds Section 13.7 Covalent Bond Energy & Chemical Reactions Section 13.8-13.9 Lewis Structures Sections 13.10-13.12 VSEPR Theory Section

More information

Unit 3: Quantum Theory, Periodicity and Chemical Bonding. Chapter 10: Chemical Bonding II Molecular Geometry & Intermolecular Forces

Unit 3: Quantum Theory, Periodicity and Chemical Bonding. Chapter 10: Chemical Bonding II Molecular Geometry & Intermolecular Forces onour Chemistry Unit 3: Quantum Theory, Periodicity and Chemical Bonding Chapter 10: Chemical Bonding II Molecular Geometry & Intermolecular orces 10.1: Molecular Geometry Molecular Structure: - the three-dimensional

More information

Chapter 2 Polar Covalent Bond Covalent bond in which the electron pairs are not shared equally.

Chapter 2 Polar Covalent Bond Covalent bond in which the electron pairs are not shared equally. hapter 2 Polar ovalent Bond ovalent bond in which the electron pairs are not shared equally. Pure ovalent Bond (non-polar) increasing bond polarity Ionic Bond X X X Y X + Y - Electronegativity, c ability

More information

: : Solutions to Additional Bonding Problems

: : Solutions to Additional Bonding Problems Solutions to Additional Bonding Problems 1 1. For the following examples, the valence electron count is placed in parentheses after the empirical formula and only the resonance structures that satisfy

More information

(b) Formation of calcium chloride:

(b) Formation of calcium chloride: Chapter 2: Chemical Compounds and Bonding Section 2.1: Ionic Compounds, pages 22 23 1. An ionic compound combines a metal and a non-metal joined together by an ionic bond. 2. An electrostatic force holds

More information

Bonding Models. Bonding Models (Lewis) Bonding Models (Lewis) Resonance Structures. Section 2 (Chapter 3, M&T) Chemical Bonding

Bonding Models. Bonding Models (Lewis) Bonding Models (Lewis) Resonance Structures. Section 2 (Chapter 3, M&T) Chemical Bonding Bonding Models Section (Chapter, M&T) Chemical Bonding We will look at three models of bonding: Lewis model Valence Bond model M theory Bonding Models (Lewis) Bonding Models (Lewis) Lewis model of bonding

More information

Ionization energy _decreases from the top to the bottom in a group. Electron affinity increases from the left to the right within a period.

Ionization energy _decreases from the top to the bottom in a group. Electron affinity increases from the left to the right within a period. hem 150 Answer Key roblem et 2 1. omplete the following phrases: Ionization energy _decreases from the top to the bottom in a group. Electron affinity increases from the left to the right within a period.

More information

Chapter 6 Assessment. Name: Class: Date: ID: A. Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

Chapter 6 Assessment. Name: Class: Date: ID: A. Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. Name: Class: Date: ID: A Chapter 6 Assessment Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. When an atom loses an electron, it forms a(n) a. anion. c.

More information

SCPS Chemistry Worksheet Periodicity A. Periodic table 1. Which are metals? Circle your answers: C, Na, F, Cs, Ba, Ni

SCPS Chemistry Worksheet Periodicity A. Periodic table 1. Which are metals? Circle your answers: C, Na, F, Cs, Ba, Ni SCPS Chemistry Worksheet Periodicity A. Periodic table 1. Which are metals? Circle your answers: C, Na, F, Cs, Ba, Ni Which metal in the list above has the most metallic character? Explain. Cesium as the

More information

TRENDS IN THE PERIODIC TABLE

TRENDS IN THE PERIODIC TABLE Noble gases Period alogens Alkaline earth metals Alkali metals TRENDS IN TE PERIDI TABLE Usual charge +1 + +3-3 - -1 Number of Valence e - s 1 3 4 5 6 7 Electron dot diagram X X X X X X X X X 8 Group 1

More information

Chemistry 105, Chapter 7 Exercises

Chemistry 105, Chapter 7 Exercises hemistry 15, hapter 7 Exercises Types of Bonds 1. Using the periodic table classify the bonds in the following compounds as ionic or covalent. If covalent, classify the bond as polar or not. Mg2 4 i2 a(3)2

More information

Chapter 2: The Chemical Context of Life

Chapter 2: The Chemical Context of Life Chapter 2: The Chemical Context of Life Name Period This chapter covers the basics that you may have learned in your chemistry class. Whether your teacher goes over this chapter, or assigns it for you

More information

Name Class Date. What is ionic bonding? What happens to atoms that gain or lose electrons? What kinds of solids are formed from ionic bonds?

Name Class Date. What is ionic bonding? What happens to atoms that gain or lose electrons? What kinds of solids are formed from ionic bonds? CHAPTER 1 2 Ionic Bonds SECTION Chemical Bonding BEFORE YOU READ After you read this section, you should be able to answer these questions: What is ionic bonding? What happens to atoms that gain or lose

More information

AAHS-CHEMISTRY FINAL EXAM PREP-REVIEW GUIDE MAY-JUNE 2014 DR. GRAY CLASS OF 2016

AAHS-CHEMISTRY FINAL EXAM PREP-REVIEW GUIDE MAY-JUNE 2014 DR. GRAY CLASS OF 2016 AAHS-CHEMISTRY FINAL EXAM PREP-REVIEW GUIDE MAY-JUNE 2014 DR. GRAY CLASS OF 2016 UNIT I: (CHAPTER 1-Zumdahl text) The Nature of Science and Chemistry 1. Explain why knowledge of chemistry is central to

More information

Elements in the periodic table are indicated by SYMBOLS. To the left of the symbol we find the atomic mass (A) at the upper corner, and the atomic num

Elements in the periodic table are indicated by SYMBOLS. To the left of the symbol we find the atomic mass (A) at the upper corner, and the atomic num . ATOMIC STRUCTURE FUNDAMENTALS LEARNING OBJECTIVES To review the basics concepts of atomic structure that have direct relevance to the fundamental concepts of organic chemistry. This material is essential

More information

Alkanes. Chapter 1.1

Alkanes. Chapter 1.1 Alkanes Chapter 1.1 Organic Chemistry The study of carbon-containing compounds and their properties What s so special about carbon? Carbon has 4 bonding electrons. Thus, it can form 4 strong covalent bonds

More information

5. Which of the following is the correct Lewis structure for SOCl 2

5. Which of the following is the correct Lewis structure for SOCl 2 Unit C Practice Problems Chapter 8 1. Draw the lewis structures for the following molecules: a. BeF 2 b. SO 3 c. CNS 1- d. NO 2. The correct Lewis symbol for ground state carbon is a) b) c) d) e) 3. Which

More information

OCTET RULE Generally atoms prefer electron configurations with 8 valence electrons. - Filled s and p subshells

OCTET RULE Generally atoms prefer electron configurations with 8 valence electrons. - Filled s and p subshells TYPES EMIAL BDIG 1 Ionic Bonding - Bond between ions whose charges attract each other - ne atom gives electrons and one atom takes electrons. Example a + l - ionic bond ovalent Bonding - two atoms each

More information

Keystone Exams: Chemistry Assessment Anchors and Eligible Content. Pennsylvania Department of Education www.education.state.pa.

Keystone Exams: Chemistry Assessment Anchors and Eligible Content. Pennsylvania Department of Education www.education.state.pa. Assessment Anchors and Pennsylvania Department of Education www.education.state.pa.us 2010 PENNSYLVANIA DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION General Introduction to the Keystone Exam Assessment Anchors Introduction

More information

TYPES OF CHEMICAL BONDING Ionic Bonding - two atoms of opposite charge electrically attracted to one another

TYPES OF CHEMICAL BONDING Ionic Bonding - two atoms of opposite charge electrically attracted to one another 1 TYPES EMIAL BDIG Ionic Bonding - two atoms of opposite charge electrically attracted to one another ovalent Bonding - two atoms each sharing electrons within a molecular orbital Metallic Bonding - positive

More information

The Atom and the Periodic Table. Electron Cloud Structure Energy Levels Rows on the Periodic Table Bohr Models Electron Dot Diagrams

The Atom and the Periodic Table. Electron Cloud Structure Energy Levels Rows on the Periodic Table Bohr Models Electron Dot Diagrams The Atom and the Periodic Table Electron Cloud Structure Energy Levels Rows on the Periodic Table Bohr Models Electron Dot Diagrams Review The vertical columns in the periodic table are called groups.

More information

CHAPTER 10 THE SHAPES OF MOLECULES

CHAPTER 10 THE SHAPES OF MOLECULES ATER 10 TE AE MLEULE 10.1 To be the central atom in a compound, the atom must be able to simultaneously bond to at least two other atoms. e,, and cannot serve as central atoms in a Lewis structure. elium

More information

Forensic Science Standards and Benchmarks

Forensic Science Standards and Benchmarks Forensic Science Standards and Standard 1: Understands and applies principles of scientific inquiry Power : Identifies questions and concepts that guide science investigations Uses technology and mathematics

More information

Chapter 2 Polar Covalent Bonds: Acids and Bases

Chapter 2 Polar Covalent Bonds: Acids and Bases John E. McMurry www.cengage.com/chemistry/mcmurry Chapter 2 Polar Covalent Bonds: Acids and Bases Modified by Dr. Daniela R. Radu Why This Chapter? Description of basic ways chemists account for chemical

More information

All about Chemical Bonding Ionic

All about Chemical Bonding Ionic Program Support Notes by: Peter Gribben BA BSc (Hons) PGCE Produced by: VEA Pty Ltd Commissioning Editor: Darren Gray Cert IV Training & Assessment Executive Producer: Simon Garner B.Ed, Dip Management

More information

CHAPTER 10 THE SHAPES OF MOLECULES

CHAPTER 10 THE SHAPES OF MOLECULES ATER 10 TE AE MLEULE EMIAL ETI BED READIG RBLEM B10.1 lan: Examine the Lewis structure, noting the number of regions of electron density around the carbon and nitrogen atoms in the two resonance structures.

More information

Chapter Test. Teacher Notes and Answers 5 The Periodic Law TEST A 1. b 2. d 3. b 4. b 5. d 6. a 7. b 8. b 9. b 10. a 11. c 12. a.

Chapter Test. Teacher Notes and Answers 5 The Periodic Law TEST A 1. b 2. d 3. b 4. b 5. d 6. a 7. b 8. b 9. b 10. a 11. c 12. a. Assessment Chapter Test A Teacher Notes and Answers 5 The Periodic Law TEST A 1. b 2. d 3. b 4. b 5. d 6. a 7. b 8. b 9. b 10. a 11. c 12. a 13. c 14. d 15. c 16. b 17. d 18. a 19. d 20. c 21. d 22. a

More information

MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.

MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. CHE 1401 - Fall 2013 - Chapter 8 Homework 8 (Chapter 8: Basic concepts of chemical bonding) MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1) Of

More information

7.4. Using the Bohr Theory KNOW? Using the Bohr Theory to Describe Atoms and Ions

7.4. Using the Bohr Theory KNOW? Using the Bohr Theory to Describe Atoms and Ions 7.4 Using the Bohr Theory LEARNING TIP Models such as Figures 1 to 4, on pages 218 and 219, help you visualize scientific explanations. As you examine Figures 1 to 4, look back and forth between the diagrams

More information

4.2. Molecular Shape and Polarity. Lewis Structures for Molecules and Polyatomic Ions

4.2. Molecular Shape and Polarity. Lewis Structures for Molecules and Polyatomic Ions Molecular Shape and Polarity 4.2 molecule is a discrete chemical entity, in which atoms are held together by the electrostatic attractions of covalent bonds. In previous chemistry courses, you used Lewis

More information

CHEMISTRY STANDARDS BASED RUBRIC ATOMIC STRUCTURE AND BONDING

CHEMISTRY STANDARDS BASED RUBRIC ATOMIC STRUCTURE AND BONDING CHEMISTRY STANDARDS BASED RUBRIC ATOMIC STRUCTURE AND BONDING Essential Standard: STUDENTS WILL UNDERSTAND THAT THE PROPERTIES OF MATTER AND THEIR INTERACTIONS ARE A CONSEQUENCE OF THE STRUCTURE OF MATTER,

More information

LCAO-MO Correlation Diagrams

LCAO-MO Correlation Diagrams LCAO-MO Correlation Diagrams (Linear Combination of Atomic Orbitals to yield Molecular Orbitals) For (Second Row) Homonuclear Diatomic Molecules (X 2 ) - the following LCAO-MO s are generated: LCAO MO

More information

CHEM 150 Exam 1 KEY Name Multiple Choice

CHEM 150 Exam 1 KEY Name Multiple Choice CEM 150 Exam 1 KEY Name Multiple Choice Identify the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. _B 1. Which of the following is synonymous with "fact"? a. a hypothesis

More information

Molecular Structures. Chapter 9 Molecular Structures. Using Molecular Models. Using Molecular Models. C 2 H 6 O structural isomers: .. H C C O..

Molecular Structures. Chapter 9 Molecular Structures. Using Molecular Models. Using Molecular Models. C 2 H 6 O structural isomers: .. H C C O.. John W. Moore onrad L. Stanitski Peter. Jurs http://academic.cengage.com/chemistry/moore hapter 9 Molecular Structures Stephen. oster Mississippi State University Molecular Structures 2 6 structural isomers:

More information

Section 11.3 Atomic Orbitals Objectives

Section 11.3 Atomic Orbitals Objectives Objectives 1. To learn about the shapes of the s, p and d orbitals 2. To review the energy levels and orbitals of the wave mechanical model of the atom 3. To learn about electron spin A. Electron Location

More information

Chemistry Diagnostic Questions

Chemistry Diagnostic Questions Chemistry Diagnostic Questions Answer these 40 multiple choice questions and then check your answers, located at the end of this document. If you correctly answered less than 25 questions, you need to

More information

Survival Organic Chemistry Part I: Molecular Models

Survival Organic Chemistry Part I: Molecular Models Survival Organic Chemistry Part I: Molecular Models The goal in this laboratory experience is to get you so you can easily and quickly move between empirical formulas, molecular formulas, condensed formulas,

More information