Political Borders Example

Transcription

1 Israel / Palestine Political Borders Example

2 Why should I care about this?

3 History In the past, it was a homeland for Jewish people. Between the time of the Israelite kingdoms and the 7th-century Muslim conquests, the Land of Israel fell under Assyrian, Babylonian, Persian, Greek, Roman, Sassanian, and Byzantine rule. After the Muslim conquests, you had the crusades Then the Ottoman Empire for 100s of years Then British rule

4 Palestine / Israel Was Part of the Ottoman Empire

5 The Ottoman Empire in WW1

6 Sykes-Picot Agreement, 1916

7 The League of Nations Mandates

8 The Middle East Between the Wars

9 Conflicting Promises Arabs supported the Allies during WWI Jewish people were promised the area by the British government Note: League of Nations promoted colonization (think UN)

10 British Promise to the Jews: Balfour Declaration, 1917 Sir Arthur James Balfour Br. Foreign Secretary His Majesty s Government views with favor the establishment in Palestine of a national home for the Jewish people and will use their best endeavors to facilitate the achievement of this object, it being clearly understood that nothing shall be done which may prejudice the civil and religious rights of existing non-jewish communities in Palestine

11 Prince Faisal at Versailles, 1918 Arab Disappointment!

12 The Point? The area of Israel Had been under Ottoman control for hundreds of years Was then under British Control And then, eventually under UN control to determine the new country / ies What does this mean for establishing a country?

13 Jews & Arabs in Palestine, 1920 In 1920, there was 1 Jew to every 10 Arabs in Palestine. By 1947, the ratio was 2 Arabs for every Jew. Why did the numbers of Jews increase so dramatically? Now that they have moved there do they have a right to selfgovern a country there?

14 British Mandate in Palestine Created July, 1922

15 1939 Palestine Arab Revolt: Their Goals: An end to Jewish immigration to Palestine. An end to the transfer of lands to Jewish owners. A new general representative government. The Grand Mufti of Jerusalem, Haj Amin al- Hussani, with Adolf Hitler.

16 British White Paper of 1939 Limited Jewish immigration to Palestine to 75,000 over the next five years. It ended Jewish land purchases. Independence for Palestine within 10 years. It is NOT British policy that Palestine become a Jewish state.

17 Aliyah Bet : Illegal Jewish Immigration

18 Palestine Population in 1946

19 Immigration Issues Why did Arabs have an issue with immigration? How does this relate to culture and types of countries and government?

20 U. N. Partition Plan of 1947

21 Independence and Conflict Partition was accepted by Zionist leaders but rejected by Arab leaders, leading to civil war. Israel declared independence on 14 May 1948 and neighboring Arab states attacked the next day.

22 Conflict Since then, Israel and the Arab states have fought a series of wars As a consequence of those wars, Israel has not allowed for an independent Palestinian state The Palestinians live in territories nonindependent territories including the West Bank and Gaza Strip. Israel has signed peace treaties with Egypt and Jordan but the borders and Palestinian issue remain in dispute.

23 War Begins!: May 15, 1948

24 Conflicts with Arab Neighbors * 1948 War of Independence (November July 1949), In its conclusion, a set of agreements were signed between Israel, Egypt, Jordan, Lebanon, and Syria called the 1949 Armistice Agreements which established the armistice lines between Israel and the West Bank, also known as the Green Line. * The Sinai War (October 1956) - a military attack on Egypt by Britain, France, and Israel beginning on 29 October 1956 with the intention to occupy the Sinai Peninsula and to take over the Suez Canal. * Six-Day War (June 1967) - fought between Israel and Arab neighbors Egypt, Jordan, and Syria. The nations of Iraq, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait and Algeria also contributed troops and arms to the Arab forces. ''Following the war the territory held by Israel expanded significantly ("The Purple Line") : The West Bank, Golan Heights and Sinai were occupied from Jordan, Syria and Egypt, respectively.

25 * War of Attrition ( ) - a limited war fought between the Israeli military and forces of the Egyptian Republic, the USSR and the Palestine Liberation Organization from 1967 to The hostilities ended with a ceasefire signed between the countries in 1970 with frontiers remaining in the same place as when the war began. * Yom Kippur War (October 1973) - fought from October 6 to October 26, 1973 by a coalition of Arab states led by Egypt and Syria against Israel as a way of recapturing part of the territories which they lost to the Israelis back in the Six-Day? War

26 * First Lebanon War (1982) - began in 6 June 1982, Due to the constant terror attacks on northern Israel made by the Palestinian guerilla organizations which resided in Lebanon * Second Lebanon War (summer 2006) - began as military operation in response to the abduction of two Israeli reserve soldiers by the Hezbollah. The conflict started on 12 July 2006, and continued until a United Nations-brokered ceasefire went into effect on 14 August 2006, though it formally ended on 8 September 2006 when Israel lifted its naval blockade of Lebanon.

27 Arab Refugees, 1948

28 Refugees -Important APHG Concept

29 Five groups of people consider themselves Palestinian: REFUGEES - People living in the West Bank and Gaza Strip since 1967 REFUGEES - People who fled the area as a result of the wars Citizens of neighboring countries (Jordan, Lebanon, Syria, Kuwait and Saudi Arabia) sometimes identify themselves as Palestinian if they have origins to the area of Palestine / Israel Israelis who are Muslim

30 Armistice Signed, 1949

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34 Current Palestinian Organizations Many Palestinians are members of the PLO or Hamas. Both organizations seek the independence of Palestine but Hamas is more militant and does not recognize the right of Israel to exist. The U.S. and the U.N. consider Hamas to be a terrorist organization.

35 Current Israeli Leadership Netanyahu is the current leader of Israel and the Likud party. Currently they do not see nor are they trying to establish a two-state solution He also seeks to establish settlements in disputed territory

36 Currently Palestine is not a Country West Bank The West Bank was occupied by Israel in The population are mainly Arab Palestinians, including refugees of the 1948 Arab-Israeli War. From their occupation in 1967 until 1993, the Palestinians living in these territories were under Israeli military administration. Although, now, they are not directly occupied, these territories are not independent and often subject to intervention

37 West Bank

38 Gaza Strip Israel removed all of its residents and forces from the territory. However, Israel still controls Gaza's airspace and sea access and has on occasion sent troops into the area.

39 Gaza Strip

40 Geographic Issues Israel has major cities near international borders and is surrounded by Arab neighbors. The Golan Heights were a series of highland hills near Israel that were under Syrian control but Israel took over that territory in the 1967 war The West Bank was under Jordan's control for a short time but now is Palestinian territory and subject to Israeli controls and military interventions Gaza Strip borders Egypt which has agreed to recognize Israel s right to exist

41 Resolution? Two-state solution Deportation Conflict Set the borders and make a wall Elimination of Israel

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43 The Wall The Israeli West Bank barrier is a security barrier being constructed by the State of Israel. It consists of a network made mostly of fences with vehicle-barrier trenches surrounded by an on average 60 meter wide exclusion area (90%). In some areas the barrier is an 8 meter tall concrete wall. (10%). The barrier is built mainly in the West Bank and partly along the 1949 Armistice line, or "Green Line" between Israel and Palestinian West Bank.

44 Support Supporters argue that the barrier is necessary to protect Israeli civilians from Palestinian terrorism, including the suicide bombing attacks that increased significantly during the Al-Aqsa? Intifada The significantly reduced number of incidents of suicide bombings since the construction of the barrier has shown that the barrier saves lives.

45 Opposition Opponents of the barrier object that the route substantially deviates from the Green Line into the occupied territories captured by Israel in the Six-Day They argue that the barrier is an illegal attempt to annex Palestinian land under the guise of security, violates international law,7 has the effect of pre-empting final status negotiations, and severely restricts Palestinians who live nearby, particularly their ability to travel freely within the West Bank and to access work in Israel

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47 Isolation Security Checkpoints

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49 Banksy

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53 Demographics The State of Israel had population of approximately 7,503,800 inhabitants as of December % of them were Jewish (about 5,660,700 individuals), 20.3% were Arabs (2008) * Total population growth rate: 1.8% -this is the growth rate will not continue to be this high as Israel cannot count on continued immigrants from Russia

54 The Palestinian territories in this context are defined to include West Bank, East Jerusalem and the Gaza strip. Population growth rate 2.75% (2008 est.) This high growth rate may continue for some time given that there are no reasons for it to subside Given these growth rates, the Palestinians will surpass the Israelis in total numbers. They could demand that Israel recognize them as citizens and demand the right to vote or have some power of self-determination instead of a twostate solution.

55 Why does it Matter so Much -one of the biggest reasons for the conflict would be the holy sites in Jerusalem. -The Western Wall is the site of the remnants of an early and important temple for the Jews -The Dome of the Rock is important to the Muslims as it is the place where Mohammad ascended into heaven -some of the holy sites are literally one on top of the other making it impossible to divide them

56 Forces and Government What are the centripetal, centrifugal forces for Israel? What type of government would Israel have (federal or unitary) given that it is a country of people from primarily one background? What type of government would it have if Palestine became part of Israel and they formed one country?

57 Why?

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59 Border Disputes

60 Establishing Boundaries Delimit - draw boundary on a map Define - formal written agreement like a treaty setting up the border Demarcate - mark the border using some visible means Administrate - after all is said and done, you must run and control and administrate the use of the border

61 Types of Disputes Allocational - Disputes that usually involve conflicting claims to the natural resources of a region, which lie near on in between the boundaries. Example: Oil dispute between Iraq and Kuwait.

62 Iraq and Kuwait

63 Disputes Definitional - Dispute that focuses on the legal language of the boundary agreement. The countries fight over the interpretation of boundary treaty terminology. Usually one country will sue the other in the International Court of Justice. Example: The boundary between Chile and Argentina was supposed to follow the highest peaks of the Andes Mountains; however, they almost went to war after discovering oil and gas deposits in the disputed area.

64 Argentina and Chile

65 Boundary Disputes Locational Dispute that focuses on disagreement of interpretation, delimitation or demarcation of a boundary. Delimitation is the drawing of boundaries on official maps, aerial and satellite images. Demarcation is the physical marking boundaries with the placement of barriers, fences and walls. Example: The dispute between Jews and Muslims in Palestine about where the boundary should be.

66 Disputes Operational Dispute that focuses on all administration of a boundary and how a boundary should function. Example: the United States and Mexico disagree over the issue of illegal immigration into the U.S.

67 Boundary Origins Relic A boundary that has ceased to function but can still be detected on the cultural landscape. It no longer exists as an international boundary. Example: The Berlin Wall between East and West Germany Superimposed - boundary imposed on an area by a conquering or colonizing power that is unconcerned about pre-existing cultural patterns. It ignores the existing cultures and is usually established by a higher authority to satisfy the demands of the superpower. Example: The division of African countries by the British.

68 Boundary Origins Antecedent A boundary that already existed before the present settlement in that area occurred. The cultural landscape emerged and stayed in place while people moved in to occupy the surrounding area. Example: 49th parallel separating the U.S. and Canada. Subsequent A boundary that is established after the settlement with an attempt to accommodate cultural differences. It developed with the evolution of the cultural landscape and is adjusted as the cultural landscape changes. Example: the border between China and Vietnam is the result of a long term process of adjustment and modification.

69 Derby Line

70 Superimposed

71 Antecedent

72 Diagrams

73 Boundaries and Borders Physical Natural geography like rivers, lakes, oceans, mountains or deserts Cultural - Ethnographic Human features (language, religions, other) Geometric isogloss Survey lines usually along lines of latitude and longitude curves and straight lines

74 Other Borders / Barriers

75 Berlin Wall

76 Korea - DMZ

77 Mexico Wall

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79 EU

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