Test Review Sheet: Minerals and Rocks Answers The answers are in red letters.

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1 Test Review Sheet: Minerals and Rocks Answers The answers are in red letters. 1. Which property best describes a rock that has formed from sediments? layers 2. What does a larger crystal size indicate about an igneous rock? That is cooled slowly and it is an intrusive igneous rock. 3. A mineral s crystal shape and cleavage are a direct result of what property of a mineral? Arrangement of the atoms 4. Scratching a mineral against a glass plate is used to determine what property of a mineral? hardness 5. What determines a mineral s physical properties? Organic composition and arrangement of atoms 6. What type of sedimentary rock is made of angular fragments held together by regular cement? breccia 7. What type of rock is being described? It is composed of large, rounded pebbles and sand grains cemented together? Sedimentary rock, but more specifically a conglomerate rock 8. What process forms sedimentary rock? The precipitation of minerals out of water, specifically seawater 9. Limestone is formed as a result of what? Biological process; specifically the skeletal remains of marine organisms 10. How do most igneous rocks form? Magma melting and then hardening below the surface of the Earth or on the surface of the Earth. 11. How is a fine grained igneous rock formed instead of large crystal grained igneous rock? A fine grained igneous forms when the magma reaches the surface of the Earth and cools quickly. A large grained igneous rock forms when magma cools slowly below the surface of the Earth and forms large crystals. 12. What is the main difference between metamorphic rocks and most other rocks? Metamorphic rocks show lines or banding in them just like a gneiss. 13. How do most metamorphic rocks form? They form by igneous or sedimentary rocks being subjected to intense heat and pressure and reforming into metamorphic rocks. 14. The diagram below shows a type of rock discussed in class. What is the most likely cause of the distorted layers of the rock? Extreme heat and pressure

2 15. Which rock below is the best example of regional metamorphism? Sample A Metamorphic rock Sedimentary Sedimentary Igneous 16. Which sedimentary rock is most likely to be changed to slate during metamorphism? Shale 17. Which sedimentary rock is most likely to be changed to marble during metamorphism? Limestone 18. What are the two most abundant elements by mass found in Earth's crust? Oxygen and silicon 19. In which type of rock is the fossil imprint of a fern leaf most likely to be found? sedimentary 20. The diagrams below show the crystals of four different rocks viewed through the same hand lens. Which crystals most likely formed from molten material that cooled and solidified very rapidly? The one on the far right because they have the smallest crystals. 21. A student created the table below by classifying six minerals in two groups, A and B, based on a single property. Which property was used to classify these minerals? Use the reference chart from the mineral lab to answer this question. It is luster. Group A Olivine Garnet Calcite Group B Pyrite Galena graphite

3 22. The table below shows the hardness of four common minerals. What can be said about the hardness of dolomite? Dolomite can scratch a fingernail and a penny, but can t scratch glass and a nail. Material Hardness Human fingernail 2.5 Copper penny 3.0 Window glass 4.5 Steel nail What are the two most abundant elements by mass found in Earth's crust? Oxygen and silicon 24. Which mineral is white or colorless, has a hardness of 2.5, and splits with cubic cleavage? Use the reference chart. Halite 25. The green sand found on some Hawaiian islands shorelines most probably consists primarily of what mineral? Use the reference chart. Olivine 26. What common mineral fizzes when dilute hydrochloric acid (HCl) is placed on it? Use the reference chart. Calcite 27. List two differences between intrusive igneous rocks and extrusive igneous rocks. Intrusive igneous rocks result from slowly cooled magma and have large crystals and extrusive igneous rock cools quickly and have very small, fine grained crystals. 28. What is a natural substance with a definite crystal structure? A mineral 29. The diagram below shows a method for determining a physical property of a mineral. The results are shown for two minerals, galena and calcite. Which property of the galena and calcite is indicated by the color of the powder each leaves on the ceramic tile? Streak test

4 30. Rocks are classified as igneous, metamorphic, or sedimentary according to what? How they are formed 31. The diagram below shows a penny scratching the surface of the mineral calcite. Which physical property of the calcite is being tested? Hardness 32. The diagram below shows a rock sample and an identification key. This rock sample would best be classified as Sedimentary 33. The chart below compares three types of rocks. The first column gives the rock classification. Which heading best describes the information provided in the second column? Formation

5 34. In an area where a river has cut deep into Earth, there are several layers of very different rock exposed. The oldest rock layer is most likely to be the layer that is what? The one on the bottom. 35. The cooling rates of igneous intrusive rocks can be estimated by comparing what feature of the rocks? Crystal size 36. Using the diagram below, describe two true statements regarding calcite. Calcite can be scratched a penny and any item above it. It can also scratch gypsum and talc. 37. Which mineral is an ore of iron and a characteristic reddish brown streak? Hematite.

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