Predicting the Perceptual Service Quality Using a Trace of VoIP Packets
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1 Predicting the Perceptual Service Quality Using a Trace of VoIP Packets C. Hoene, S. Wiethölter, A. Wolisz September 29th, Qofis 04, Barcelona, Spain Technische Universität Berlin URL:
2 Content Introduction/Background Our Approach Playout Scheduling Listening-only Tests Delay Spikes Non-Random Packet Losses Conclusions
3 VoIP transmission of a telephone call
4 How to Judge the Quality of a Call? Measure the quality of a VoIP system: Gather packet loss rates, mean delay, etc. Easy but inaccurate In the end the service quality is important Human based listening tests are extensive ITU P.862 (PESQ algorithm) measures speech quality Compares original sample with the transmitted version calculates Mean Option Score (MOS) (1=bad, 5=excellent) ITU G.107 (E-Model) predicts quality of tel.-system Considers echo, loudness, coding, packet loss rate, delay, Result: R Factor (0=bad, 70=toll quality, 100=excellent)
5 Limits of PESQ and E-Model PESQ and E-Model cannot judge the impact of: Impact of playout scheduling cannot be predicted. Variable packet delay adaptive playout time Non-random packet losses Not applicable to assess VoIP packet traces resulting from simulations or experiments
6 Predicting Playout Scheduling A VoIP phone can implement any playout scheduler. How to know which is going to be used? Actually, you cannot know it. But you know the most common, published playout scheduler schemes, which are Fixed-deadline and adaptive from Van Jacobsen, Mills, Schulzrinne, Ramjee, and Moon Calculate packets' playout times and the mean transmission delay. Consider only speech frames during voice activity because during silence a human cannot identify the delay. We can predict the behavior of most phones!
7 Assessing a Trace of VoIP Packets Our solution: Using the most common different playout schedulers and encoding schemes combine of E-Model and PESQ (MOS to R formula approved by the ITU) PESQ calculate speech quality E-Model combines MOS rating and transmission delays
8 Speech Quality and Transmission Delay Speech Recordings Audio PESQ Reference Degraded MOS E-Model Ie Result: Id R Factor Audio Degraded Audio Speech Coding (coding distortion) Experiment or Simulation (loss or delay) Playout Buffer (loss or scheduling) Decoder PLC Mean Delay
9 Equations referring to the SPECTS 04 paper
10 Content Introduction/Background Our Approach Playout Scheduling Listening-only Tests Delay Spikes Non-Random Packet Losses Conclusions
11 PESQ not verified conduct listening tests Can PESQ measure playout rescheduling? or non-random packet losses? PESQ can measure variable playout but its performance has never been verified. It has been tested only for random/bursty but not for non-random losses. Conduct formal listening-only tests!
12 Test Sample Design Construct packet traces with delay spikes! Delay spikes with a height of 50 to 300ms and a width of height+10%. 1 Spike in one sample What to do? 1. Drop late packets 2. Or delay playout?
13 Playout Decisions Ori gi nal Legend: Frame seq. no. 2+;2++ Conceal ed frame a) Packet l oss b) Positive adapt ati on c) Negative adaptation 1. DROP: Drop late packets (a) 2. ADAPT: Delay playout to late packets (b) 3. ADAPT&FALLBACK: Delay playout (b) and return to normal during the next silence period (c)
14 Listening-Only Tests Follow ITU P.830 but Multiple person at the same time Use native and foreign speakers Use linear MOS scale (no discrete scale!) Sample Sequence: For each sentence 1. Original at the beginning, 2. MNRU with 5dB (worst),15,25,35 (best) 3. Randomly distributed: packet loss samples Produced on CD containing all the samples
15 Studio...
16 Listening-Test and Sample Design Different encoding schemes: G.711, G729 Produced delay spikes (only during voice activity) with length 50,100,150,200,250,300ms with width=length*1.1 Different samples with different length 5-10s), German (using Kiel Corpus Vol. I) 220 samples (including MNRU samples as a reference) reference Speech Recordings language speaker Frame Analysis Coding speech properties importance Loss Generator Decoding PLC PESQ Listeningonly Tests PESQ MOS X R (Correlation) algorithm rate/mode loss rate packetization seed sample MOS
17 Rating Performance Three parts: intro, first and second half. First is best. Native speaker and foreign speaker rate as good. Some persons did not kept track with the sample no.
18 Human LQS-MOS vs. PESQ LQO-MOS 4 MOS (PESQ) 3 2 y = 0,9403x - 0,2139 R= 0, MOS (Humans)
19 MNRU vs. MOS: Correlation: R= MOS MNRU MOS PESQ MOS MOS cited scaled MOS
20 Results for G.711 coding
21 MOS Variance vs. Prediction Performance 1,0 Correlation between PESQ and humans 0,9 0,8 0,7 0,6 0,5 0,4 0,3 trend line: R= ,2 0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1 PESQ sample variance for different impairment patterns
22 Content Introduction/Background Our Approach Playout Scheduling Listening-only Tests Delay Spikes Non-Random Packet Losses Conclusions
23 Introduction Losing one Voice-Over-IP packet impairs the perceptual quality in a wide range, depending on the frame speech properties the encoder/decoder/concealment algorithms decoders resynchronization time after loss (especially low-rate decoders might maintain a wrong state after loss for the following frames.) the surrounding speech. Example: Discontinuous Transmission (DTX) Speech frames during silence are less important Lower frame rate during silence
24 Packet Importance The packet s importance is the quality degradation that its loss would cause. Definition: The importance of frame losses is the difference between the speech quality due to coding loss and the quality due to coding loss and frame losses, times the length of the analyzed sample. Conducted some million PESQ ratings Dropped only one VoIP packet in a sample
25 Just try it: Select predefined parameter sets Compression? chose sample Listen to it! amount of loss Choose an another loss pattern Drop only frames with an importance between min. and max. Sample statistics Talking or silence? Voiced or unvoiced? Judge the speech quality by your self!
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30 Conclusion Presented an approach to assess VoIP packet traces Combined PESQ, E-Model and playout scheduling because Speech frames differ in their importance Playout scheduler are not standardized Playout rescheduling harms speech quality. Verified PESQ for non-random packet losses (R=0.94) and delay spikes (R=0.87). Precision performances depend on the variance of the samples speech quality.
31 Assessing VoIP: Summary Open-source software including Implementation of all common playout schedulers G.711 and G.729 coding Sample database including human rating results Verified software in various research projects, e.g. voice over WLAN, impact of handover, ad-hoc. C. Hoene, S. Wiethölter, and A. Wolisz, "Predicting the Perceptual Service Quality Using a Trace of VoIP Packets", In Proceedings of QofIS 04, Barcelona, Spain, September C. Hoene, H. Karl, and A. Wolisz, "A Perceptual Quality Model for Adaptive VoIP Applications", In Proceedings of International Symposium on Performance Evaluation of Computer and Telecommunication Systems (SPECTS'04), San Jose, California, USA, July 2004, Paper won the Best Paper Award of the conference. C. Hoene and E. Dulamsuren-Lalla, "Predicting Performance of PESQ in Case of Single Frame Losses", In Proc. MESAQIN 2004, Prague, CZ, June S. Möller and C. Hoene, "Information About a New Method For Deriving the Transmission Rating Factor R From MOS in Closed Form", ITU, May 2002, Temporary Document for the study group 12.
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