How to Safeguard the New Entertainment System Centerpiece The Smart TV
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1 How to Safeguard the New Entertainment System Centerpiece The Smart TV By Grace Yang, Supported by ubiquitous broadband access, high definition digital content can be streamed and customized from the cloud onto your computer, smartphone or any other devices connected to the internet, in addition to being carried on a physical disk and played on specific equipment. The traditional TV, a standalone terminal that only receives broadcast television, has subsequently become antiquated as it does not come equipped with the connectivity that we have grown accustomed to. As a result, the Smart TV industry was born. A Smart TV refers to a television set with integrated Internet capabilities that offers more advanced computing ability and connectivity than a contemporary basic television set. In order to achieve high performance, a Smart TV usually utilizes the latest generation of technology. As smaller, more advanced integrated circuits enable the evolution of television; new challenges will emerge within the electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) community with regards to protecting against transient voltage threats. This article will address the protection schemes for the two most common and sensitive interfaces on Smart TV HDMI and Gigabit Ethernet.
2 Page 2 HDMI ESD/CDE Protection HDMI (High Definition Multimedia Interface) has gained in popularity since its inception. It is widely adopted across the consumer electronics industry to transfer high definition digital content. However, as a high-performance interface, HDMI can be extremely vulnerable to cable discharge from a hot plug cable and electrostatic discharge (ESD) directly from the user. To ensure proper functionality, HDMI-based systems must protect all potentially exposed interface signals and power pins to meet or exceed the EOS (electrical over stress) specification of IEC , Level 4 (±15kV Air, ±8kV Contact) without damage. Current HDMI silicon runs at 2.25Gbps with 3.4Gbps in the near future. At such a high data rate, signal integrity and impedance requirements are given more focus than ever before, as put forth in the HDMI Compliance Test Specification (CTS). The HDMI CTS requires all HDMI sink devices to maintain the differential impedance of the high speed lines at 100Ω ±15%. At a data rate of 3.4Gbps, providing low-clamping voltage protection without adding excessive capacity loading is critical. To effectively arrest transient surge to low clamping voltage, more silicon area in the TVS diode is required. Yet, increasing silicon die area comes with the cost of higher capacitance. This tradeoff dynamic can be overcome by building a low-capacitance diode array around a surge handling TVS diode. This effectively lowers the total capacitance of the protection circuit while preserving robust surge protection. The RClamp0584J is a perfect example of such an integrated TVS protection device. This four-line, 5V working voltage protection device is rated in excess of IEC level 4 to guard against electrostatic transients. When adding ESD protection to the HDMI interface, it is important to ensure the device minimally impacts signal integrity. Eye pattern testing will reveal any signal distortion on the source interface, and good signal integrity is verified by a clean eye pattern with the bit pattern forming an open eye around the HDMI eye mask. Figure 1 shows an example of the eye mask test. The first diagram serves as a reference, illustrating the HDMI video signal without any protection; the second diagram shows the impact to the HDMI interface signal integrity with the addition of the integrated TVS protection device. Reference Eye Diagram Eye Diagram with RClamp0584J Figure 1: Eye Diagram Comparison with and without RClamp0584J This device is also applicable to DisplayPort, ExpressCard, esata, etc. high speed interfaces.
3 Page 3 Gigabit Ethernet Surge Protection A major feature that distinguishes a typical Smart TV from a traditional one is internet connectivity, which is achieved by an Ethernet connection. Gigabit Ethernet has been widely adopted on the new Smart TVs. It operates at 125 MHz and transmits and receives (full duplex) on four twisted pairs. It uses a bidirectional five-level coding scheme that requires a complex PHY chipset. The latest Ethernet PHY chipsets are typically manufactured on 65nm or 45nm technologies. These small geometries yield higher levels of performance, but also result in an increased level of sensitive to fatal damage that may originate from a charged cable, lightning or a human body. Traditionally, ESD and CDE are the typical transient threats for Ethernet interfaces on computers or consumer electronics. Lightning or surge protection is mostly reserved for communications infrastructures. In recent years, computers and consumer electronics have become more affordable thanks to technological advancements. While more people from all over the world are able to have their own computers and/or TVs; these very electronics are brought into some of the more hostile environment as far as transient threats are concerned. China has just mandated an Ethernet surge protection requirement for electronic products sold into certain rural parts of China. This new standard ensures reasonable functional period of expensive products and the safety of the households operating them. The Chinese surge tests are applied as metallic (line-to-line) or longitudinal (line-to-ground) waveforms. The waveforms are defined with a rise time of 10μs and a decay time of 700μs with an open circuit voltage of a customer defined level no less than 1kV. Positive and negative polarity surges are applied. To pass, the equipment must continue to operate after the tests. An Ethernet port includes transformers and common mode chokes for connecting the PHY to the outside world. Transformers and chokes can be discrete components, but integrated solutions that include the RJ-45 connector, resistors and capacitors are becoming increasingly popular. In either case, the transformer will provide a high level of common mode isolation to external voltages, but no protection for metallic surges. For a metallic (line-to-line) surge, current will flow into one line, through the transformer and back to the source. As the current flows, it charges the windings of the transformer on the line side (RJ45 side). Once the surge is removed, the windings on the line side will stop charging and will transfer its stored energy to the IC side where the PHY IC is located. The pulse transferred to the PHY side will most certainly be destructive to the PHY chip. Reliable protection of the Ethernet transceiver requires an external protection device that can absorb the expected transient energy, clamp the incoming surge to a safe level quickly, and yet remain transparent to the system under normal operation. Capacitive loading and package must be optimized to minimize impact on the differential pair signal integrity. Additionally, each new generation of Ethernet deployment yields higher-density boards that demand protection solutions that occupy less board space. Let s look at an example based on the RClamp2574N a Gigabit Ethernet protection solution from Semtech.. It is should be placed on the PHY side of the transformer as close to the magnetics as possible. The device can be configured to protect all four differential pairs on a Gigabit Ethernet. As seen in Figure 2, each of the eight I/O pins features a low capacitance steering diode pair that is designed to route harmful surge current into the internal low voltage TVS diode. The steering diodes feature a working voltage of only 2.5 volts and are constructed using Semtech s proprietary EPD process technology [1]. Low voltage turn on is important since many PHY chips have integrated ESD protection structures. These structures are not designed to handle large amounts of energy. Should they turn on before the external protection, they can be damaged, resulting in failure of the PHY chip. The working voltage of a typical
4 Page 4 Gigabit Ethernet PHY is 2.5V, therefore a 2.5V TVS should be chosen because a 2.5V TVS will turn on immediately once the hazardous voltage across it has exceeded the punch through voltage of the device. Figure 2: Function Schematic and Pin Configuration Please refer to Figure 3 on how to route the PCB trances through the device. Data lines are connected at pins 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, and 10. Pins 3 and 8 are electrically connected to the three center ground tabs. In a typical Ethernet application, these pins as well as the tabs should be left floating (i.e. not connected to ground). In this example traces are inch wide. Vias are used to change layers for connection to pins 6, 7, 9, and 10, hence enable an easy flow though layout for all eight data lines.
5 Page 5 Figure 3: Layout Example Additionally, RClamp2574N has a typical capacitance of 1.7pF line to line, which is low enough to avoid any packet loss or packet errors. Conclusion Smart TV employs the latest technologies and in turn presents unique protection challenges. Good transient suppression requires state of art protection schemes that reduce the transient surges to a safe level while maintaining system signal integrity. Choosing proper protection solutions early on can eliminate the unnecessary time spent on redesigning layout when transient threats become a problem later in the design cycle and therefore expedite the time to market in the competitive consumer electronics industry. [1]. Semtech TVS Diode Application Note: SI Appendix: Comparison of Polymers and TVSs Sometimes Polymers are chosen to protect high speed interfaces due to their small size, ultra low capacitance and low leakage current. These are desirable characteristics to minimize board size while maintaining signal integrity and battery life. However, polymers fail on one of the most important characteristics for protection device clamping voltage. Clamping voltage, by definition, is the maximum voltage drop across the protection device during an ESD event, which is also the stress voltage seen by the protected IC. The ideal protection device should remain invisible during normal operation; turn on immediately in an event of ESD strike and limit the voltage across the protected devices to a level just above the normal operating voltage and well below the destructive threshold. Polymers typically have an initial clamping voltage above 1kV, which will very likely damage today s advanced yet sensitive ICs. Furthermore, polymers degrade after repeated surges, which results in leakage current increases. TVS diodes, on the other hand, offer the merits of the polymers while avoiding their disadvantages. In other words, TVS diodes are small in size, have ultra low capacitance and low leakage current. In
6 Page 6 addition, TVS diodes have very low clamping voltage and, as solid stage devices, do not degrade after repeated surges. Comparison of BAV99 and TVS Discrete rectifying diodes are sometimes chosen to offer protection in a rail-to-rail configuration. However, there are serious problems associated with this method. First of all, BAV99 has small junction area and is not rated to handle high transient currents resulting from ESD and lightning events. Secondly, in the typical configuration, the diode pair is connected between the power rail/signal line and ground. During a positive surge, the top diode turns on and conducts the high current to the power rail/signal line, which is not advisable. TVS eliminates these problems. A pair of surge rated steering diodes are integrated with a TVS diode in the same package. The TVS creates a path to dump the high current to ground instead of through the power rails.
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