RESEARCH DESIGN. Dr. Eko Pujiyanto, S.Si., M.T. Program Studi Teknik Industri - Universitas Sebelas Maret
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1 RESEARCH DESIGN Dr. Eko Pujiyanto, S.Si., M.T. Program Studi Teknik Industri - Universitas Sebelas Maret
2 MEANING OF RESEARCH DESIGN Desain riset adalah kerangka kerja atau rencana untuk melakukan studi yang akan digunakan sebagai pedoman dalam mengumpulkan dan menganalisis data dengan tujuan menselaraskan antara tujuan riset dengan biaya.
3 MEANING OF RESEARCH DESIGN 1. Where will the study be carried out? 2. What type of data is required? 3. Where can the required data be found? 4. What periods of time will the study include? 5. What will be the sample design? 6. What methods of data collection will be used? 7. How will the data be analyzed? 8. In what style will the report be prepared?
4 MEANING OF RESEARCH DESIGN Tipe research design: (a) sampling design the method of selecting items to be observed; (b) observational design the conditions under which the observations are to be made; (c) statistical design the question of how many items are to be observed and how the information and data gathered are to be analyzed; (d) operational design the techniques by which the procedures specified in the sampling, statistical and observational designs can be carried out.
5 MEANING OF RESEARCH DESIGN The important features of a research design (i) a plan specifies the sources & types of information relevant to the research problem (ii) a strategy which approach will be used for gathering and analyzing the data. (iii) the time and cost budgets most studies are done under these two constraints
6 MEANING OF RESEARCH DESIGN Research design must, at least, contains : (a) a clear statement of the research problem; (b) procedures and techniques to be used for gathering information; (c) the population to be studied; (d) methods to be used in processing and analyzing data
7 IMPORTANT CONCEPTS RELATING TO RESEARCH DESIGN 1. Dependent and independent variables A concept which can take on different quantitative values (a variable) Qualitative phenomena (or the attributes) are also quantified If one variable depends upon or is a consequence of the other variable --- a dependent variable, the variable that is antecedent to the dependent variable --- an independent variable.
8 IMPORTANT CONCEPTS RELATING TO RESEARCH DESIGN 2. Extraneous variable Independent variables that are not related to the purpose of the study, but may affect the dependent variable Whatever effect is noticed on dependent variable as a result of extraneous variable(s) is technically described as an experimental error.
9 IMPORTANT CONCEPTS RELATING TO RESEARCH DESIGN 2. Extraneous variable ( Example ) The researcher wants to test the hypothesis: a relationship between children s gains in social studies achievement and their self-concepts Self-concept is an independent variable, social studies achievement is a dependent variable. Intelligence may as well affect the social studies achievement, but since it is not related to the purpose of the study undertaken by the researcher, it will be termed as an extraneous variable.
10 IMPORTANT CONCEPTS RELATING TO RESEARCH DESIGN 3. Control One important characteristic of a good research design is to minimize the influence or effect of extraneous variable(s).
11 IMPORTANT CONCEPTS RELATING TO RESEARCH DESIGN 4. Confounded relationship When the dependent variable is not free from the influence of extraneous variable(s) The relationship between the dependent and independent variables is said to be confounded/confused by an extraneous variable(s).
12 IMPORTANT CONCEPTS RELATING TO RESEARCH DESIGN 5. Research hypothesis When a prediction or a hypothesized relationship is to be tested by scientific methods, it is termed as research hypothesis. The research hypothesis is a predictive statement that relates an independent variable to a dependent variable.
13 IMPORTANT CONCEPTS RELATING TO RESEARCH DESIGN 6. Experimental and non-experimental hypothesis-testing research: When the purpose of research is to test a research hypothesis, it is termed as hypothesis-testing research. It can be of the experimental design or of the non-experimental design.
14 IMPORTANT CONCEPTS RELATING TO RESEARCH DESIGN 6. Experimental and non-experimental hypothesis-testing research: For instance, a researcher wants to study whether intelligence affects reading ability for a group of students and for this purpose he randomly selects 50 students and tests their intelligence and reading ability by calculating the coefficient of correlation between the two sets of scores.
15 IMPORTANT CONCEPTS RELATING TO RESEARCH DESIGN 7. Experimental and control groups An experimental hypothesis-testing research when a group is exposed to usual conditions, it is termed a control group, but when the group is exposed to some novel or special condition, it is termed an experimental group.
16 IMPORTANT CONCEPTS RELATING TO RESEARCH DESIGN 8. Treatments The two treatments are the usual studies program and the special studies program For example, if we want to determine through an experiment the comparative impact of three varieties of fertilizers on the yield of wheat, in that case the three varieties of fertilizers will be treated as three treatments.
17 IMPORTANT CONCEPTS RELATING TO RESEARCH DESIGN 9. Experiment Examining the truth of a statistical hypothesis, relating to some research problem, is known as an experiment. For example, an experiment to examine the usefulness of a certain newly developed drug
18 IMPORTANT CONCEPTS RELATING TO RESEARCH DESIGN 9. Experiment Experiments can be of two types viz., absolute experiment and comparative experiment. If we want to determine the impact of a fertilizer on the yield of a crop, it is a case of absolute experiment; But if we want to determine the impact of one fertilizer as compared to the impact of some other fertilizer, our experiment then will be termed as a comparative experiment.
19 IMPORTANT CONCEPTS RELATING TO RESEARCH DESIGN 10. Experimental unit(s) The pre-determined plots or the blocks, where different treatments are used, are known as experimental units. Such experimental units must be selected (defined) very carefully.
20 TYPE OF RESEARCH DESIGNS 1. Exploratory research studies Also termed as formulative research studies The main purpose Formulating a problem for more precise investigation Developing the working hypotheses from an operational point of view The major emphasis is on the discovery of ideas and insights
21 TYPE OF RESEARCH DESIGNS 1. Exploratory research studies Generally, three methods in the context of research design for such studies (a) the survey of concerning literature; (b) the experience survey; and (c) the analysis of insight-stimulating examples.
22 TYPE OF RESEARCH DESIGNS 2. Descriptive and diagnostic research studies Descriptive research studies Describing the characteristics of a particular individual, or of a group Diagnostic research studies Determine the frequency with which something occurs or its association with something else
23 TYPE OF RESEARCH DESIGNS 2. Descriptive and diagnostic research studies Must focus attention on the following: (a) Formulating the objective of the study (what the study is about and why is it being made?) (b) Designing the methods of data collection (what techniques of gathering data will be adopted?) (c) Selecting the sample (how much material will be needed?) (d) Collecting the data (where can the required data be found and with what time period should the data be related?) (e) Processing and analysing the data. (f) Reporting the findings.
24 TYPE OF RESEARCH DESIGNS Exploratory v.s. Descriptive
25 TYPE OF RESEARCH DESIGNS 3. Hypothesis-testing research studies Known as experimental studies or design of experiments Tests the hypotheses of causal relationships between variables Usually experiments meet this requirement
26 BASIC PRINCIPLES OF EXPERIMENTAL DESIGNS Three basic principles of experimental designs (1) Replication; (2) Randomization; (3) Local Control.
27 BASIC PRINCIPLES OF EXPERIMENTAL DESIGNS (1) Replication The experiment should be repeated more than once The statistical accuracy of the experiments is increased For example, if an experiment requiring a two-way analysis of variance is replicated, it will then require a three-way analysis of variance since replication itself may be a source of variation in the data
28 BASIC PRINCIPLES OF EXPERIMENTAL DESIGNS (2) Randomization Design or plan the experiment that the variations caused by extraneous factors The principle of randomization, have a better estimate of the experimental error.
29 BASIC PRINCIPLES OF EXPERIMENTAL DESIGNS (2) Randomization For instance, if we grow one variety of rice, say, in the first half of the parts of a field and the other variety is grown in the other half, then it is just possible that the soil fertility may be different in the first half in comparison to the other half. If this is so, our results would not be realistic. In such a situation, we may assign the variety of rice to be grown in different parts of the field on the basis of some random sampling technique i.e., we may apply randomization principle and protect ourselves against the effects of the extraneous factors.
30 BASIC PRINCIPLES OF EXPERIMENTAL DESIGNS (3) Local Control Plan the experiment for performing a twoway analysis of variance The principle of local control can eliminate the variability due to extraneous factor(s) from the experimental error
31 IMPORTANT EXPERIMENTAL DESIGNS (a) Informal experimental designs: (i) Before-and-after without control design. (ii) After-only with control design. (iii) Before-and-after with control design. (b) Formal experimental designs: (i) Completely randomized design (C.R. Design). (ii) Randomized block design (R.B. Design). (iii) Latin square design (L.S. Design). (iv) Factorial designs.
32 Informal experimental designs (i) Before-and-after without control design.
33 Informal experimental designs (ii) After-only with control design.
34 Informal experimental designs (iii) Before-and-after with control design.
35 Formal experimental designs (i) Completely randomized design (C.R. Design). Two-group simple randomized design
36 Formal experimental designs (i) Completely randomized design (C.R. Design). Random replication design
37 Formal experimental designs (i) Completely randomized design (C.R. Design). Random replication design
38 Formal experimental designs (ii) Randomized block design (R.B. Design).
39 Formal experimental designs (iii) Latin square design (L.S. Design).
40 Formal experimental designs (iv) Factorial designs.
41 Reference Khotari, C.R., 2004, Research Methodology: Methods and Techniques, New Age International (P) Ltd., Publishers. ( Chapter 3 )
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